Punjab School Education Board

Class 11 Environment Education (2025-26)


Dear students, Sat Shri Akal. In this article, you can repeat the exercises of all the lessons of Environment education of Class 11. You can note the exercises of these lessons by clicking on the links of the related lessons given below.

    Subject:- Environment education

    Class :- 11th

    Chapter 1 Environment

    (A) Very Short Answer Questions

    Question 1. What is the natural environment?

    Answer- Natural environment refers to our surroundings in which both living and non-living components interact with each other. We have no role in creating the natural environment.

    Question 2. Write the names of the components of the environment.

    Answer- Biotic Components and Abiotic Components.

    Question 3. Name the three components of the environment.

    Answer- Physical environment, biological environment and social environment.

    Question 4. Define autotrophs.

    Answer- Those organisms which prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis with the help of carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll are called autotrophs, like all green plants etc. In other words, those organisms which can prepare the food required to keep themselves alive are called autotrophs. Examples include all green plants and some bacteria.

    Question 5. Who are called heterotrophs?

    Answer- Those organisms which cannot prepare their own food and depend on autotrophs or other organisms to fulfill their food requirements are called heterotrophs, like owls, lions, birds etc. They are also called consumers. Examples include all animals and plants which are not green.

    Question 6. Name the parts of the social environment.

    Answer- Humans.

    Question 7. What are Biosphere protection areas or reserves?

    Answer- A protected area in which human intervention is not prohibited.

    Question 8. What are the five elements of our environment?

    Answer- Earth, water, air, energy and space

    (b) Short answer questions (Type I)

    Question 1. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic environmental components.

    Answer – Biotics | Abiotic components 1. The living components of the environment are called biotic | 1. The non-living components of the environment are called | • components.

    Abiotic components are called . 2. Like- Producer plants), Consumers 2. Like- Climate, Energy, Rainfall, (Humans, Animals), and Discrete Solar Radiation, Temperature, Air, Microorganisms) etc.

    Soil, Light etc.

    Question 2. Why is a socialist society good for environmental protection? |

    Answer- A socialist society is good for environmental protection because the socialist group has set rules to prevent excessive exploitation of natural resources, keeping in mind the importance of them, and by following these rules, a balance can be created between man and nature. People in a socialist system understand the benefits and harms of natural resources and are more aware of their use and misuse.

    Question 3. What is the difference between the hydrosphere and the lithosphere?

    Answer- The lithosphere refers to the upper part of the earth's crust, which provides minerals and soil for the development of living beings, plants, microorganisms, etc.

    The hydrosphere includes the oceans, lakes, rivers and other water resources found on the earth's surface. These also include aquatic organisms and aquatic plants.

    Question 4. Prove that, Producers are the most important in the biological atmosphere.

    Answer- Producers include green plants, grasses, shrubs, green mosses, phytoplankton and sulfur bacteria etc. Producers produce organic matter from carbon dioxide and water through the process of photosynthesis with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll. Sulphur organisms produce their organic food through chemical reactions. Producers provide food, shelter and oxygen to the entire biological environment. Therefore, they are considered the basic needs of life.

    (c) Short Answer Questions

    Question 1. Comment on the role of the general public in saving the environment.

    Answer- To understand the role of the general public in saving the environment, we should understand well that without the environment, man will cease to exist on this earth. Therefore, there should be awareness among the people about environmental problems. People should be drawn to environmental problems through various means of communication and criticism. Therefore, to avoid the destruction caused by the harmful effects of increasing exploitation of natural resources, awareness should be created among the people through posters, rallies, plays, films etc. Efforts should be made to create. Intelligent and influential people should show serious interest in improving the environment and contribute to saving the environment. This will make people understand the causes of environmental degradation and people will also understand that technological development is not the right option for improving the environment. Along with this, methods that can be used to improve environmental problems should be selected.

    Question 2. Give a detailed description of Physical Environment. ‘ ‘

    Answer- Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Hydrosphere Physical Environment has three parts-

    Atmosphere-It is a sheath of life-sustaining gases which covers the earth from all sides. It contains O2, (oxygen gas without which it is difficult for living beings to breathe. Its use is essential for carrying out life processes. It also contains CO2, which is very important for plants for photosynthesis. The atmosphere is also called the sanctuary because it keeps the temperature of the environment balanced and prevents it from getting cold and hot. Apart from O2, CO, it also contains water vapor, N2O etc. |

    Hydrosphere-It includes all the water sources of the earth; such as oceans, lakes, rivers etc. The hydrosphere provides water for the physical processes of all living beings. It is. Due to this, the temperature conditions of the environment also remain at an average level.

    Lithosphere-This means the crust of the earth. Mineral elements and soil are present in the lithosphere for the development of plants, animals and microorganisms. Different places and conditions of the earth provide a suitable environment for the existence and development of living beings. |

    Question 3. How would you explain that man is a thoughtful and social partner in environmental activities.

    Answer- Man, society and environment are related to each other. Cultural elements affect natural elements. Our environment depends on our social needs and social activities; For example, agriculture is a social activity but many elements of nature are required and affected in this activity, for example- we need water for farming, which has to be completed by constructing canals. Due to excessive use of water resources, the groundwater level is decreasing. In this way, the structure of the soil keeps changing due to the use of many fertilizers and pesticides. Due to industries, various components of the environment like water, soil and air are also being affected.

    Thus, social activities have a great impact on the environment. Society and humans are participating in many activities to maintain their existence, but due to these, the environment is being affected very badly. Social activities are also affecting the physical and biological environment. Due to which environmental pollution is increasing. Therefore, to save the environment, it is the duty of every member of the society to protect the environment for the coming generations. Environmental protection programs can be made successful only with the cooperation of the general public. Thus, it becomes clear that only if humans play the role of a thoughtful and social partner in environmental activities, then the environment can be protected for the coming generations.

    Question 4. Write a brief note on Biological Atmosphere.

    Answer- This environment includes all kinds of organisms. They are divided into producers, consumers and decomposers on the basis of food relations.

    Producers- Producers include green plants, grasses, shrubs, herbs, phytoplankton and sulfur bacteria etc. Producers produce organic matter from CO2, and water with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll through the process of photosynthesis. Sulfur bacteria produce their organic food through chemical energy. Producers provide food, shelter and oxygen to the entire biological environment. Therefore, producers are considered the basic need of life.

    Consumers- All organisms including humans are in the consumer category, because they cannot synthesize their own food. On the basis of food, consumers can be divided into the following types,

    ·       Primary Consumer

    ·       Secondary Consumer

    ·       Tertiary Consumer

    ·       Quaternary Consumer

    Decomposers- Those microorganisms, which decompose the remains of dead animals and plants etc. by secreting enzymes and produce many organic elements, gases and inorganic elements during decomposition, are called decomposers.

    (S) Long Answer Questions

    Question 1. Discuss the five stages of Down's 'Issue Attention Cycle'.

    Answer- According to Down's 'Issue Attention Cycle', a five-stage cycle has to be completed to change the public's interest.

    The five stages of this cycle are given below –

    First State-This is the stage in which people are not aware of environmental problems.

    Second Stage-In this stage, people's attention is drawn to environmental problems through various means of communication and observations. In this, an attempt is made to create awareness among people through posters, rallies, plays, films, etc. to avoid the degradation caused by the harmful effects of increasing exploitation of natural resources.

    Third Stage-In this stage, people show serious interest in improving the environment and also contribute. In this, people come to understand the reasons for environmental degradation and people also understand that technological development is not the right option for improving the environment. In this, methods that can be used to improve environmental problems are selected.

    Fourth Stage- In this stage, people's interest in environmental improvement starts to wane. There are two reasons for this decrease –

    Because of the neutral attitude and lack of cooperation of the organizations working for the improvement of environmental problems, people find it difficult to implement environmental improvement programs.

    The additional cost involved in environmental improvement also reduces their interest.

    5. Fifth Stage- This is the final stage in which public interest changes from time to time. Sometimes it decreases and sometimes it increases again. Today's 'Issue Attention Cycle' is in the middle according to Down.

    Question 2. Give a brief description of the past and present customs and culture of India. Which one do you think is better?

    Answer- Serious awareness and devotion for nature and environment is seen in Indian society. Human culture and environment are interconnected through a balanced process. The relationship between the ancient and modern culture and civilization of India and the environment can be understood as follows –

    1. Past Customs and Cultures In the ancient culture of India, respect for the environment is reflected in our traditions and customs. Ancient Indian culture was based on nature. Ancient sages and Vedas have also considered nature to be very important and sacred. In the Rigveda, the five elements of nature (earth, water, air, energy and space) have been explained with examples. In the past, the traditions had made arrangements for the protection and use of these elements for the prosperity of man. In our country, cutting of trees was prohibited because people used to worship them.

    According to the views of Indian philosophers, man and all other living beings have been created by the same God and all are made of the same kind of elements. Therefore, there is a relationship of respect and compassion among all. According to the views of Indians, no object is inanimate. This is a life system in which man is a part like other species.

    Our old Vedas, Upanishads and Puranas etc. teach man about the environment and environmental code. In the scriptures, fire, water and air have been given the status of gods and earth has been given the status of mother goddess. The sky has been given the status of father. In ancient culture, there was a Arrangements were also made. The subject of restricting the use of natural resources has also been explained through the Upanishads. According to the Isha Upnished, “This entire world and its species are all connected to one God. Therefore, no species should oppress another species.”

    2. Present Customs and Cultures Present culture and civilization are also inextricably linked with the environment. Even today, the food, lifestyle, speech, etc. of people living in different regions depend on the environmental conditions.

    The people of Jammu and Kashmir drink coffee, wear phiran and use kangri to avoid the cold. On the other hand, the people of Rajasthan wear long turbans, big moustaches and women wear long ghundis to avoid the heat. Also, the people of South India use cotton clothes to live in a hot and humid environment and also keep an angvastra on their shoulders.

    The influence of civilization is visible in the language, food and drinking habits of every person. The study of both the civilizations shows that the customs and culture of the past were the right ones for protecting the environment because the ancient people They used to use resources as little as possible and emphasized on their protection and conservation.

    But in modern India, the increasing population and industrial development have increased the unnecessary use of natural resources. Where people used to worship trees in ancient times, in the present era, trees are being cut indiscriminately to meet the needs. Today we need to implement new environmental policies and rules to protect the environment, so that the environment can be saved.

     

    Chapter 2 Population and Environment

    (A) Very Short Answer Questions

    Question 1. What is Demography?

    Answer- The collection of data on various aspects of population such as population growth, distribution, factors of population growth, etc. is called Demography.

    Question 2. Define Birth Rate.

    Answer- The average number of children born per thousand people in an area is called birth rate.

    Question 3. What is Sex Ratio?

    Answer- The percentage of women/population per thousand men (males) is called sex ratio.

    Question 4. Define Death Rate.

    Answer- The number of men who die per thousand men of the population in a country or a country in a year is called death rate.

    Question 5. Which factor is responsible for population growth, migration or immigration?

    Answer- The reasons or factors responsible for population growth, migration or immigration are earning a living and supporting one's family.

    Question 6. What is Poverty?

    Answer- Inability to meet one's economic and financial needs is called poverty.

    Question 7. Define Literacy.

    Answer- The ability to read and write is called literacy.

    (b) Short Answer Questions (Type I)

    Question 1. Explain Carrying Capacity.

    Answer- Excess population affects the environment, according to the environmental condition of any area, the excess population of that area can be determined from its carrying capacity. According to this, there are two important components of the environment based on the population growth.

    Life Supportive Components - The components that provide air, food, water and heat.

    Waste Assimilative Components - This part of the environment includes the digestion of waste products generated by human activities.

    Question 2. How has the rate of growth affected food production?

    Answer - Due to the increasing population, the demand for food also increases. As a result, the land has been used more for farming with the help of light, water, fertilizers and pesticides and modern methods. Due to this, the production of food in the world has increased by more than 50 percent. But due to the bad activities of man like over-grazing of animals, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and misuse of groundwater etc., many problems have arisen. The results of this are salinization of the earth, desertification, soil erosion, land fragmentation etc. Apart from this, due to population growth, many people have become victims of malnutrition. In India, about 70 to 80 percent of children are victims of malnutrition. Due to this, it is difficult to meet the demand for food due to the increasing population due to population explosion.

    Question 3. Write the names of four satellite cities.

    Answer- Noida, Faridabad, Ghaziabad, Gurgaon, Mohali and Panchkula.

    Question 4. What is the impact of population growth on energy?

    Answer- In the more developed and developing countries of the world, factories are needed to increase employment for the growing population and to increase production to meet their demands. It is very difficult to run factories without energy. Due to the increasing population, the sources of energy are very less than before, such as wood, fossil fuels and the need for electricity is increasing. Fossil fuels are available in limited quantities, and they are gradually getting exhausted. Due to these reasons, there is pressure on energy due to the increasing population. Thus, excessive use of energy is creating an energy crisis.

    (c) Short Answer Questions (Type II)

    Question 1. What is Malthus's theory related to population?

    Answer- At the end of the 18th century, an English economist and demographer Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) has described the theory on his own. According to this theory, population always increases in geometric progression (2, 4, 8, 16, 32). While food and means of subsistence increase in the linear progression (2, 4, 6, 8, 10). Therefore, there is an imbalance between population, food and space. Malthus concluded that if the excess population does not stop, then nature in its own way; such as war, famine, flood, tsunami, diseases, etc. reduces the population.

    Question 2. How does urbanization affect the environment?

    Answer- Due to the increase in population, many people have started moving from villages to cities and the area of ​​cities is increasing rapidly. This is called urbanization. Due to which the cultivable land is decreasing. Thus, urbanization has had a very bad effect on the environment. Some of the bad effects of urbanization on the environment are as follows-

    Due to the increasing population of cities, the production of solid waste such as household waste, factory effluents, etc. is increasing rapidly. Due to which the environment is getting polluted and diseases are increasing.

    The rate of consumption of natural resources from excessive urbanization and factories has increased, causing an imbalance in the environment. With urbanization, slums have sprung up all around urban areas. With these slums, the environment of the cities has deteriorated.

    Air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution etc. in cities deteriorate the environment.

    (Q) Long Answer Questions –

    Question 1. Discuss the effects of population growth on various components of the environment’s carrying capacity.

    Answer- Population growth affects various components of the environment’s carrying capacity. Environment and population are very deeply interrelated. Our life depends on the balanced use of natural resources. These balanced uses are possible only when the population is low. If the population continues to increase, there will be a need for additional exploitation of nature. This additional exploitation gives rise to environmental problems. Due to population explosion, a crisis of environmental protection has arisen. The environment is being put under more pressure than its carrying capacity. Due to which the life-giving factors are affected. Based on the carrying capacity of the environment, it has two types.

    Life Supportive Components – The part of the environment that provides energy, food, air and water.

    Waste Assimilative Components This part of the environment involves the digestion or disposal of waste products produced by human beings. The carrying capacity of the earth is limited, so due to population growth, there is a negative impact on the components of the carrying capacity of the environment.

    Their description is given below –

    Impact on Food Stuffs Due to increasing population, the demand for food stuffs increases. Therefore, the cultivable land is being used more with the help of energy, water, fertilizers and pesticides and by using modern methods. This has increased the productivity of food in the world by more than 50 percent, but due to the indiscriminate activities of humans, overgrazing, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and misuse of groundwater, new environmental problems are arising. Salinization of land, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation etc. are the results of this. Along with this, due to lack of food, most of the people are undernourished. In India, about 70 to 80 percent of children are victims of malnutrition.

    Impact on Energy - Most of the developed and developing countries of the world are moving towards industrialization to increase production and meet the demands of the growing population, and industries cannot function without energy. Thus, as a result of population growth, rapid industrialization and urbanization, the demand for already scarce energy resources like wood, fossil fuels and electricity is increasing. Fossil fuels are gradually being depleted due to limited availability. Thus, due to population growth, there is a situation of environmental degradation due to inequality in natural resources. Impact on Poverty - Population and poverty are very closely related to each other. Three-fourths of the world's population lives in developing countries. Unemployment is a major problem in these countries which gives rise to poverty as well as the environment. Due to poverty, people lack nutritious food, housing and clothing. Along with this, there is also a lack of education and sanitation. Due to all these reasons, productivity decreases. Lack of productivity again leads to an increase in poverty. The problem becomes even more serious due to unequal distribution of economic resources and population growth because population growth puts pressure on basic needs like housing, employment, medical facilities etc. This leads to an increase in poverty.

    Impact on Raw Materials - The direct impact of population growth is to put pressure on industries to produce more and more goods to meet the demands of the people. Industries need raw materials for production.

    Two Major Sources of Raw Materials - The two main sources of raw materials are forests and mines. From mines we get coal, iron ore and other metals. But with the increase in population, mining activities increase for more production. As a result, many mines are destroyed.

    We get many useful materials from forests like building wood, rubber, medicines etc. but forests are exploited indiscriminately to meet these needs. There are many bad consequences of forest destruction. Due to the destruction of forests, the greenhouse effect is increasing. Which is causing the problem of increasing global temperature?

    Due to increasing global temperature (Global Warming), the ice on the poles is melting and the sea water level is rising. As a result, there is a possibility of many islands and coastal areas being submerged in water.

     

    Chapter 3 Impact of Human Activities on the Environment

    (A) Questions with Very Short Answers

    Question 1. What is Urbanization?

    Answer- Urbanization is the process by which a large number of people settle completely in cities.

    Question 2. What are Slums?

    Answer- The settlements established by the poor people by constructing huts and shanties on vacant places around cities and villages are called Slums.

    Question 3. Write the definition of Underground water.

    Answer- The water accumulated in the cracks under the ground is called Ground water.

    Question 4. What is meant by Crop Rotation?

    Answer- The process of continuously changing crops in a field is called Crop Rotation.

    Question 5. What is smog or fog or smog?

    Answer- Nitrogen oxide is released by the movement of vehicles. The smoke that is produced when it mixes with air particles in the presence of sunlight is called smog/fog.

    Question 6. How is the Green House Effect produced?

    Answer- Green House Effect is produced due to the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

    Question 7. Write the names of minerals obtained from the sea.

    Answer- Minerals such as iodine and petroleum are obtained from the sea.

    (b) Short answer questions (Type I)

    Question 1. How does migration affect the environment?

    Answer- Migration is the movement of population from one place to another. In most urban areas, the original place of most people is not the city. People from rural areas go to cities to get employment, business, education etc. Due to migration, the urban environment has to face many problems. The main ones are –

    ·       Problem of living.

    ·       Problem of pollution.

    ·       Increase in population.

    ·       Pressure on arable land.

    ·       Increase in garbage.

    ·       Development of slums.

    Question 2. What is called floating population?

    Answer- Floating population includes those people who go from one place to another every day to earn a living. Such people do not stay where they work but go from their home place to the place of work every day. Most of the middle-class people come in the floating population. These people travel by bus and train to go to their place of work.

    Question 3. Why are people moving towards cities? Give the reason.

    Answer- People are moving to cities for the following reasons:

    ·       To earn a living.

    ·       To get better amenities.

    ·       To get social security.

    ·       To get better educational opportunities.

    ·       To get better medical facilities.

    Question 4. Name two human activities that cause soil erosion.

    Answer-

    ·       Excessive use of pesticides and chemical drugs.

    ·       To grow the same type of crop repeatedly in the same field.

    Question 5. Write a note on the effect of vehicle smoke.

    Answer- In the modern era, the number of means of transport is increasing day by day. All these means run on petrol, diesel, coal, natural gas etc. Due to the combustion of petroleum fuels, gases like carbon, nitrogen, Sulphur oxides etc. are produced in vehicles.

    These gases are the main cause of air pollution. Air pollution has an adverse effect on the health of humans and animals. With this, respiratory diseases increase.

    Question 6. Why have human activities led to deforestation?

    Answer- The human causes of deforestation are as follows –

    ·       Expansion of land for agriculture

    ·       Shifting agriculture

    ·       Excessive grazing of animals

    ·       Dam projects

    ·       Cutting of wood for fuel.

    ·       Development of roads and railways

    ·       Questioning for commercial purposes

    (c) Short answer questions (Type II)

    Question 1. What are the effects of uneven distribution of resources on development?

    Answer- Due to uneven distribution of natural assets or resources, many problems arise regarding their use. In an area where a particular type of resource is abundant, that resource is used excessively, due to which the reserves of that resource in that area are depleted. For example, the Mesozoic Era in America is full of iron ore deposits and its deposits are being depleted due to overexploitation. On the other hand, there are tin and gold mines in the eastern part of Russia, but those mines have not been exploited due to the climate and conditions there. The uneven distribution of natural reserves increases the cost of production. Industries require raw materials which are not available everywhere. Raw materials are imported from the area where they are available. A lot of money and time is spent in ordering raw materials from long distances. Which has a negative impact on production and costs?

    Question 2. How are land and water polluted by urban people?

    Answer- Serious environmental problems can be seen in cities due to excessive use of land and water. Due to excessive urbanization and industrialization, the rate of consumption of natural resources also increases. Therefore, there is more degradation of natural resources in cities and more industrial areas. Development activities in cities, such as building construction, construction of railways and roads, construction of embankments on bridges, etc. have an adverse effect on the land. Industrial products; such as plastic, paint, chemicals, cement, leather, etc. are responsible for land pollution. Excessive use of pesticides in agricultural processes also affects the environment.

    In most cities, organic and inorganic materials are lying in the open in the form of waste. There is no domestic system available to separate such materials. Due to this, land pollution (Land Pollution or Soil Pollution) also occurs. Due to the increase in population in cities, garbage is also found in large quantities. Garbage heaps and dirt found near water sources reach these sources and pollute the water.

    Due to industries, many types of pollutants are also found in water, such as mercury, lead, copper, acid, furanil, etc. The hot flow of water from production centers, oil refineries, etc. is released into water sources like lakes, seas, rivers, etc., which increases the temperature and due to which living beings die.

    Question 3. Write a note on the method of using land.…

    Answer- Land is a basic biological asset. It provides the basis for everything. Land provides water and nutrients to plants. All living beings are affected by human activities on the environment and humans directly or indirectly get their food from the land.

    Forests are cut down to make more land available for agriculture. Due to which the risk of floods, soil erosion, drought and desertification etc. has increased.

    To deal with the problem of food shortages caused by population growth, fields are not left empty. Due to growing more crops on the land, the fertility of the land decreases. Therefore, chemicals are used to replenish the nutrients, but due to their excessive use, problems like soil degradation, desertification, soil erosion arise. Similarly, growing only one type of crop on the land affects the fertility of the land.

    Question 4. Discuss the main problems of urban areas.

    Answer- The main problems of urban areas are as follows –

    Increase in Pollution- Due to the increase in population in urban areas, the number of vehicles has increased. As a result of the increase in means of transport, the rate of air and noise pollution has increased. Due to the burning of fuel in vehicles, toxic gases are produced, which are causing respiratory problems. Noise pollution causes mental problems.

    Development of Slums-Slums are such areas with irregular or dense population, which have a very low standard of living. Rural people are coming to cities and are building their houses in the outer areas of urban areas. Gradually, they take the form of a colony of the area. The piles of garbage in these settlements pollute the environment.

    Increase in Solid Materials or Garbage (Increase in Waste Materials/Garbage)-Increase in garbage in cities is also a serious problem. The piles of garbage have become homes for disease-spreading agents like flies and mosquitoes.

    (S) Questions with long answers

    Question 1. Why are basic facilities necessary to raise the standard of living? What is the effect of population explosion on these basic facilities?

    Answer- After urbanization, due to the development of basic facilities in cities, more people started moving towards cities.

    Good job opportunities in cities, good medical services, educational facilities and modern amenities attract people towards them. Basic facilities are very important for progress in life. The present era is a technological and scientific era. Human life is moving fast. Modern amenities are needed to run this fast-paced life properly. Everything is easily available in cities. Modern means of transportation and communication have made life comfortable. The use of modern tools and devices has made every task easy. Modern health facilities available in cities have also controlled the death rate.

    The comfortable life of cities attracts rural people to cities. There is no doubt that cities have made progress in all fields of science. In which man has got many facilities but this progress has caused a lot of harm to the surrounding environment. | One of the important reasons for pollution in the environment is the increasing population in cities. Urban amenities and population explosion have had adverse effects on the environment.

    These effects can be described as follows –

    Water Supply- Due to population growth, the need for water by human society for domestic use, irrigation and industrial units is increasing.

    To meet this growing demand, there is a significant depletion of groundwater, which is leading to a decline in water levels. In big cities, the water problem becomes acute during summer.

    Power Supply-Population explosion and rapid industrialization have increased the consumption of electricity. Most industries use more electricity and this creates a power crisis at the domestic level. In the summer season, the demand for electricity is more than the supply. Therefore, power shortage becomes a serious problem in cities.

    Pressure on Transportation System- Due to the increasing population, the pressure on transportation facilities is also increasing. The increase in the number of vehicles on the roads has also increased the chances of accidents. Due to this crowding, travel takes more time, which leads to wastage of time. Due to the increase in air pollution and noise pollution, there is also an adverse effect on health. Due to the increase in vehicles in big cities, traffic gets stuck or gets jammed.

    Disposal of Waste Materials/Garbage- Due to the increase in population, the production of all types of solid waste is also increasing rapidly. The impact of human activities on the environment is also increasing. is increasing. Due to this, piles of garbage are increasing everywhere. The problem of disposing of them has arisen. Due to improper disposal of waste, air and water pollution is increasing and the environment is being polluted. In most cities, domestic and industrial waste is discharged into rivers without any treatment. Due to which water is polluted. The living organisms living in this polluted water die and by drinking this water, humans have to face many diseases.

    Health Services: -Many environmental problems have arisen due to population explosion. Which has also had an adverse effect on health. This puts pressure on hospitals and health centers and creates a shortage of health facilities. Due to the shortage of medicines, doctors and beds in hospitals, people are going through serious conditions without treatment.

    Question 2. Discuss the Environmental Problems of Rural Areas.

    Answer: Most of the people in India live in villages. The problems of rural areas are different from urban areas.

    The major environmental problems of these areas are as follows-

    ·       Due to lack of education in rural areas, people adopt illegal methods of farming due to which land resources are damaged.

    ·       Pesticides and chemical fertilizers are being used on arable land for the supply of food items, but due to this, many environmental problems are arising. Water sources are being polluted due to pesticides and due to the use of this polluted water, humans are facing many health problems. Apart from this, along with the loss of soil fertility, land degradation, desertification, soil erosion etc. are also taking place.

    ·       Due to continuous cultivation of high yielding varieties of crops, the groundwater level has gone down. Rural people depend on tubewells, ponds and wells for their water needs, but due to the fall in water level, a serious water problem has arisen.

    ·       Water accumulated in open places becomes a breeding ground for mosquitoes and causes many diseases.

    ·       The use of wood and dunghills as fuel produces smoke. Due to which the health of rural women is adversely affected.

    ·       The environment is polluted due to open defecation. Along with this, improper drainage system also increases environmental problems.