Computer science
Class: 12th
Term 2 revision of
1-1 marks, 4-4 marks and 6-6 marks questions


Paper Pattern of Computer Science Paper
1. The question paper will be divided into three sections, Part A, Part B and Part C.
2. Part A will carry questions from 1 to 3.
3. Question 1 will have 6 multiple choice questions carrying 1 mark each.
4. Question 2 will have 6 fill-in-the-blank questions carrying 1 mark each.
5. Question 3 will have 6 questions of full form, true false, short cut keys carrying 1 mark each.
6. Part B will have 5 questions carrying 4 marks each from question number 4 to 8.
7. Part C will have 2 questions carrying 6 marks each from question number 9 to 10.


    Multiple choice questions (1-1 Marks)

    1.  _______ is a word processor software.

    a)  MS Windows        b) MS Excel                 c) MS Powerpoint                   d) MS Word

    2. To check spelling and grammer ______ key is used.

    a)  Ctrl+F7                  b) Alt+F7                                 c) F7                            d) Shift+F7

    3) _____ option in MS-word changes the structure and layout of pages.

    a) Format        b) Print and print preview      c) Page setup  d) Proofing

    4. _______ is electronic spreadsheet software used for automated calculation.

    a)     MS Windows  b) MS Excel                 c) MS Powerpoint                   d) MS Word

    5. ______ refers to changing the font, style, size, color, bold, italic, underline and other related parameters.

    a)     formatting      b) alignment               c) proofing                  d) filtering

    6. Which of the following statements is also called as conditional statement?

    a) For              b) break                     c) if                              d) while

    7. Switch-Case is similar to  __________ statement.

    a) if-else          b) if else if                 c) break                                   d) Goto

    8. Which statement can be used to terminate a case in switch statement.

    a) Continue     b) goto                                    c) if                              d) break

    9. Which of the following is an example of a post test loop?

    A) for               b) while                                   c) Do while                  d) Continue

    10. Which of the following is not a jumping statement?

    A)    While  b) Continue                c) goto                         d) break

    11. A computer _________ is a set of computers that are connected together.

    a)     Network         b) System        c) Protocol                  d) Internet

    12. A ______ is basically a multiport repeater.

    a) Hub             b) Switch                     c) Router                     d) Bridge

    13. A _____ is a 2 port device.

    a)     Hub     b) Switch                     c) Router                     d) Bridge

    14. Wi-Fi stands for _________ .

    a)     Wireless field              b) Wireless Fidelity                c) wire fire                   d) Wire fidelity

    15. A ______ is a combination of a Bridge and a Router.

    a)     Switch             b) Bridge                     c) Hub                         d) Brouter

    16. Information Technology (IT) is an area under which computers or other physical devices (hardware, software) are used to create, ____, secure and exchange electronic data.

    a. Access                     b. process                   c. define                      d. save

    17. With the introduction of online education services, students can learn from anywhere using the _____

    a. Internet                  b. electricity                c. 5G Technology        d. email

    18. Android operating system is a _____ operating system.

    1. Computer       b. Mobile                    c. Technology             d. Virtual reality

    19. Cloud computing is a kind of       based computing.

    a. Big-data                  b. IoT                           c. Internet                   d. Bluetooth

    20. Who brought the concept of AI?

    a) Victor Allis              b) Marvin Minsky        c) Alan Turing             d) John McCarthy

    21. Which type of AI focuses on single set of abilities &performs a particular task?

    a) Super AI                  b) Narrow AI               c) General AI               d) None of these.

    22. Which one of AI type does not have memory for data storage

    a) Limited Memory     b) Reactive machines             c) Things of Mind        d) Self Awareness

    23. The conversion of natural language into computer understandable form

    a) Intrusion detection   b) Machine translation                    c) Identification                      d) None of these.

    24. The core of the expert system which by applying set of rules and draw the results of the user question is the function of

    a) Inference engine    b) Knowledge base     c) User Interface         d) None of these

    25. Place where knowledge from the human expert is collected

    a) Domain expert       b) Knowledge Base     c) User                         d) All of these

    26. Robots which provides help for analyzing the collected data are

    a) Healthcare robots  b) Domestic robots     c) Military robots        d) Research robots

    27. ______ is the process to convert information into computer readable form.

    a) E-learning               b) E-commerce           c) Digitalization          d) Net Banking

    28. ______ is meant to be online buying and selling of goods.

    a) E-commerce           b) Digi Locker  c) Digital Payment      d) None of these

    29. Easiest and convenient way for cashless payment is _______.

    a) Digitalization          b) Storage                   c) Offline                     d) Digital Payment

    30. ______ stores only those educational certificates, issued by educational institutes through digital mode.

    a) SWAYAM    b) NAD             c) MOOCs                    d) DigiLocker

    31. ______ is a type of e-commerce which involves company and customer.

    a) B2B              b) B2C             c) C2C                          d) None of these

    32. The online service of government is called-

    a) Public welfare services       b) democracy services                        c) E-governance    d) internet services

    33. G2C Stands for –

    a) Government to employee              b) Government to citizens

    c) Government to business man        d) Government to government

    34. The modern form of E-Governance services is:

    a) E-Business  b) E-Commerce                       c) E-Services                d) Smart governance

    35. How many digits are there in Aadhar card number?

    a) 14                b) 12                            c) 16                            d) 10

    36. Which one is the part of information system?

    a)     Database and procedures      b) network      c) Hardware and software      d) All of these

    37. ___ tool allows us to select a drawing with a free hand.

    a. Fuzzy Selection       b. Lasso                                   c. Text                         d. Bucket Fill

    38. SHIFT + C is a shortcut for _______

    a. To Create Duplicate Image             b. To Delete Layer

    c. To Copy of an image                                   d. To Crop an Image

    39. Scale option is used to change the _____ of an image.

    a. Color                       b. Size             c. Area                         d. All of the above

    40. _______ is known as group of sheets looking at each other.

    a. Masking      b. Tools                       c. Layers                      d. None of the above

    41. ______ helps to make a duplicate copy of the active layer

    1. Smudge Tool   b. Dodge Tool             c. Perspective Tool     d. Duplicate Layer

    42. In order for the computer to play audio files, different are required.

    a. Video codecs                       b. Audio Codecs                     c. Both a & b               d. None

    43. ____ format is a common audio format that is played extensively on electronic devices.

    a. wmv            b. avi               c. mp3                         d. cda

    44. Audio files are stored on the Audio CD in ____ format.

    a. flv                b. aac              c. mov                         d. cda

    45. The effect applied between two video-clips is called   

    a. sound          b. video                       c. video transition      d. photo

    46. The process of dividing the video into sections is called          

    a. merging       b. splitting      c. compressing                        d. decompressing


    Fill in the blanks(1-1 Marks)

    1. ___ and ___ function used to find the minimum and maximum value in range.

    Answer:- MIN and MAX

    2. Filter option is available in _____ tab of Excel.

    Answer:- Data

    3. If the cursor is placed at the end of the file, then _______ button is pressed to delete the text.

    Answer:- Backspace

    4. Two option of orientation for page setup are _____ and _____.

    Answer:- Portrait and Landscape

    5. ________ Symbol is used to start any formula in excel Calculation.

    Answer:- Equal(=) sign

    6. In  _____ loops, the control conditions are tested before the body of the loop.

    Answer: - Pre-test loop

    7. In _____ loops, the control conditions are tested after the body of the loop.

    Answer: - Post test loop

    8. ______ statement is used to skip some statements inside the loop.

    Answer: continue

    9. ______ is a multi-way conditional control statement.

    Answer: switch case

    10. The break statements can be used to eliminate a case in the _____ statements.

    Answer: Switch case

    11. Artificial Intelligence is divided into two types _____ and ________.

    Answer:- Type-1, Type-2

    12. ___________ is a chess playing computer developed by IBM.

    Answer:- Deep Blue

    13. ____________ is a good example of narrow artificial intelligence.

    Answer:- Apple siri

    14. ___________ machine have no memory.

    Answer: Machine Learning

    15. MYCIN and ____ are examples of earlier expert systems.

    Answer: Dyndral

    16. ___________ Generation Robots are smart as humans.

    Answer: Fourth

    17. The services and facilities of E-governance is divided into _____ parts.

    Answer: Three

    18. ________ gives a unique identity to Indian citizens.

    Answer: Aadhar Number

    19. In Punjab at village level _____ Gives E-Governance services.

    Answer: Sewa/Suwidha Center

    20. ________ is used to solve difficult problems.

    Answer: Expert System

    21. Smart cards are symbol of _________.

    Answer: Smart Governance

    22. To resize the layer _____ tool is used.

    Answer: Scale

    23. To move the layers _____ tool is used.

    Answer: Move

    24. To remove objects from Canvas _____ tool is used.

    Answer: Magic Wand

    25. The quality of the picture decreases when the picture is _____

    Answer: Scaled

    26. An important part of the Image Window is _____ where the picture is shown.

    Answer: Canvas


    Very short answer type questions(1-1Marks)

    1. Write the full form of WYSIWYG?

    Answer:- What You See Is What You Get

    2. Write the short cut keys to move text in Word document?

    Answer:- Ctrl+x, Ctrl+v

    3. Write the name of four types of alignments?

    Answer:- Left, Center, Right, Justify

    4. Which Excel function is used to continue contents from different cells into one cell?

    Answer:- concatenate()

    5. Write the name of any two fonts that can be used to type in Punjabi language?

    Answer:- Anmollipi, Asses, joy, Raavi font

    6. Writing if statement with-in-another if is called as?.

    Answer: - Nested if

    7. Which statements in C programming are used for altering the normal flow of a program?

    Answer: - Branching control statement

    8. Which statement is sometimes desirable to skip some statements inside the loop?

    Answer: continue

    9. Which statements provide a way to repeat commands?

    Answer: goto

    10. Write the full form of UIDAI?

    Answer: Unique Identification Authority of India

    11. Name any two information systems?

    Answer: Management Information System, Decision Support System

    12. Write the names of different levels of E-governance?

    Answer: International, Domestic and National levels

    13. Write the full form of G2G?

    Answer: Government to Government

    14. Write the full form of TPS?

    Answer: Transaction Processing System


    Write full forms(1-1marks)

    1. UTP                 -           Unshielded twisted pair
    2. FTP                  -           File transfer protocol
    3. SMTP               -           Simple mail transfer protocol
    4. POP                 -           Post office protocol
    5. HTTP               -           Hyper text transfer protocol
    6. MAC                -           Media Access control address
    7. Wi-Fi               :           Wireless Fidelity
    8. VR                    :           Virtual reality
    9. IoT                   :           Internet of Things
    10.  IT                    :           Information Technology
    11.  GPS                 :           Global Positioning System
    12.  AI                    :           Artificial Intelligence
    13.  GAI                 :           General Artificial Intelligence
    14.  NLP                 :           Natural Language Processing
    15. SAI                   :           Strong Artificial Intelligence
    16.  GIF                  :           Graphics Interchange Format
    17.  PNG                :           Portable Networks Graphics
    18.  TIFF                :           Tagged Image File Format
    19.  JPG                 :           Joint Photographic Expert Group
    20.  PSD                 :           Photoshop Document
    21.  BMP               :           Bitmap Picture
    22.  MP4                :           Moving Picture Experts Group-4
    23.  MP3                :           MPEG Audio Layer 3
    24.  WMV              :           Windows Media Video
    25.  FLV                 :           Flash Video
    26.  AVI                 :           Audio Video Interleaved


    Write True or False(1-1marks)

    1. The process of making a movie is divided into five stages.( False)

    2. Video editing works with only one video clip. (False)

    3. Merging a video means splitting the clip into several parts. (False)

    4. It is advisable to save the project before starting the process of exporting video file. (True)

    5. MPEG-4 video format uses different compression for audio and video tracks. (True)


    Short answer type questions(4-4marks)

    Question 1: What is Excel?

    Answer:- Microsoft Excel is a powerful electronic spreadsheet program that lets you store data, perform calculations, draw conclusions, create graphs, report data that looks like a professional, publish data on a website and access real time data and facilitates access.

    Question 2: Explain formatting in details?

    Answer:- Formatting text means changing the style of the font. In which we can change the appearance of the text by formatting, increasing and decreasing the font size, changing the color of the text, bolding the text, italicizing, underlining, etc.

    Question 3: Explain print and print preview option?

    Answer:- Print preview is a feature that indicates how a document will look before it is printed on paper. With the print command we can print documents by setting the printer selection, paper size, page orientation etc.

    Question 4: What are formulas in MS Excel?

    Answer:- In MS Excel, we can use formulas to calculate school results, grading, and student fees, etc. The formula always starts with the “=” (equal) sign.

    Examples of formulas: -

    1. =D12+D13
    2. =A4-A5
    3. =C5+D6*E2

    Question 5: What do you know about the formula bar in Excel?

    Answer:- Formula Bar is one of the most important components of MS Excel. The Formula Bar is located at the top of the Excel window and at the bottom of the ribbon. The formula bar has two parts: the first part is the name box which represents the address of the cell and the second part is the function which represents the typed data or formula.

    Question 6: What are Margins?

    Answer:- A margin is the space between text and the edge of a document. The margin of a new document is set to normal, and it has four parts: top margin, bottom margin, left margin, right margin. The document defines these four margins as one inch, which we can change to suit our needs.

    Question 7. Define Branching? Name the different Control statements?

    Answer:- Statements who select one branch or another during the course of a program are called a branching statement. These statements are used for decision making or to choose from more than one.

    The branching statement is further divided into two parts: -

    1. Conditional control statement

    2. Multi-way conditional control statement

    Question 8. what is Looping? Name three different types of looping statements?

    Answer:- Looping statements are also called iterative statements. There may be situations in programs when we need to execute a block of statements multiple times. In such cases, the loops provide us with a way to repeat the statements and they also control how often the statements will be repeated.

    The different types of looping statements are: -

    1. For loop
    2. While loop
    3. Do while loop

    Question 9. what is nested if statement? Write its syntax?

    Answer:- When a statement block of another if condition or a statement block of another if-else condition is used, it is called as nested if statement. In this way we can say that the block of internal statement will work when the condition of the external statement and the condition of the internal statement should be correct.

    Syntax: -

    if(expression or condition1)

    {

    /*Execute when condition1 is true*/

                if(expression or condition2)

                {                       /*Execute when condition2 is true*/

                            Block1 of statements;           

    }}

    Question 10. what is if-else statement? Write a program of il-else statement?

    Answer:- We can also control the status of execution of a statement through if-else statements. When we have to make a decision based on two or more conditions, or get a program to do something special, we use the if-else statement. In this case, if the if condition proves to be correct, the if block is applied, and the else section is omitted and in case of misrepresentation of the statement, only the else section has to be applied.

    #include<stdio.h>

    void main()

    {

                int a=20, b=10;

                if(a>b)

                {

                            printf(“a is greater than b”);

                }

                else

                {

                            printf(“a is less than b”);

                }

    getch();}

    Question 11. what is while statement? Write its syntax?

    Answer:- while loop is a pre-test loop, and this loop can be used to repeat a statement over and over again. Only the test condition is defined in the while loop, the initial part of the loop is defined before the while loop, and the step size of the loop is declared inside the while loop. In while loop, statements get executed as long as condition is true.

    Syntax of while loop:-

    Variable declaration;

    Variable initialization;

    while(test condition)

    {

                Statement block;

                Step size;

    }

    Question:12 What is Information Technology?

    Answer: Information technology is an area in which computers or other physical components such as hardware and software are used to create, process, store, and store and exchange information. Information technology encompasses all types of technology such as commercial data, voice, conversations, photos, motion pictures, multimedia, presentation information creation, storage, conversion and use.

    Question:13 Give name of any four current trends in Information Technology?

    Answer: Name of the four current trends in Information Technology: -

    1. GPS Technology

    2. Wi-Fi technology

    3. Bluetooth technology

    4. E-commerce

    5. M-Commerce

    Question:14 Define Bluetooth Technology.

    Answer: Bluetooth is a wireless local area network technology that allows all types of media files to be sent or received wirelessly via Bluetooth. This technology is used to transmit information over short distances in phones, laptops, personal computers, printers, digital cameras, mobile phones, webcams, GPS, cars, keyboards, mice, etc. .

    Question:15 Define GPS Technology?

    Answer: The full name of GPS is Global Positioning System, and one GPS is available in every smartphone. GPS technology is used to find the geographical location of any place or location, and it is a global navigation satellite system. It can be used to find the distance or route of any two places and is also used to locate or map out nearby institutions, hotels, offices etc.

    Question:16 Define Multimedia Technology.

    Answer: Multimedia includes all the technologies that help create or display multimedia content, combining images, audio, video and text into a single application software. Multimedia technology includes those interactive computer-based applications that allow people to exchange information in digital and print media.

    Question:17 Define 5G technology.

    Answer: 5G is the next generation wireless technology, which is many times better than 3G and 4G. The 5G mobile network will connect people as well as connect and control machines and devices. The 5G network can be up to 100 times faster than 4G, and it can transmit data at speeds of up to 20 Gbps over a wireless broadband connection. With the help of 5G, one movie can be downloaded in one minute.

    Question:18 What is digitalization?

    Answer: Digitalization is the process of converting information into a digital medium i.e. computer readable and computer manageable, through which information is stored in bits. Digitization allows images, documents, audio, video, etc. to be converted to digital medium through various computer devices.

    Question:19 Describe Net Banking.

    Answer: Net banking is also called internet banking. After availing the facility of net banking, the customer can transfer money from home to his bank account, pay bills, transfer money to another account, and view his bank account statement, etc. A unique username and password for the use of Net banking is issued to the user after the customer goes to the bank and fills in the application form to avail the facility of Net banking.

    Question:20 What do you mean by E-Commerce.

    Answer: E-commerce is also called e-commerce or internet commerce. E-commerce means buying or selling goods on the Internet, using services, making money, etc. This facility has given a new direction to the business and the business has flourished. Examples of websites for buying or selling products under e-commerce are: Amazon, Flipkart, eBay, OLX, Quicker, etc.

    Question:21 Name types of E-Commerce?

    Answer: Types of E-Commerce are: -

    1. Business to business(B2B)

    2. Business to Consumer (B2C)

    3. Consumer to consumer (C2C)

    4. Consumer to business(C2B)

    Question:22 Write down the benefits of online payment?

    Answer: Benefits of online payment: -

    1. Easy and convenient
    2. Money transactions anytime and anywhere
    3. Savings with digital payments

    Question:23 Describe DigiLocker?

    Answer: DigiLocker helps eliminate the use of paper documents and enables the sharing of e-documents between government agencies through an enhancement for online authentication of documents. DigiLocker provides access to authentic virtual documents. It is a digital document vault where you can store your documents such as driving license, PAN card, voter ID, policy document, etc. You can also upload documents and keep them safe when you sign up for a DigiLocker account.

    Question:24 What is e-learning?

    Answer: E-learning, also known as online learning or electronic learning, is the acquisition of knowledge through electronic technologies and media. E-learning is taught electronically. E-learning is conducted on the Internet, where students can access their learning materials online at any place and time. E-learning is often in the form of online courses, online degrees, or online programs.

    Question:25 What is digital or online payment?

    Answer: Online payments are also called digital or e-payments or electronic payments. This is an easy and fast way to make cashless payments, in which payments are made through digital medium. Both the payer and the receiver use digital media. Money transfer, purchase of goods, mobile or dish recharge, payment of electricity, water or mobile bills etc. can be done easily and quickly through digital payment.

    Question:26 What are the three levels of E-governance? Give detail?

    Answer: The three levels of e-governance are as follows: -

    1. Domestic/State level
    2. National level
    3. Inter-state level

    Question:27 In brief describe Smart Governance?

    Answer: The modern form of e-governance is smart governance. In this, smart means attractive or active and governance means governance. Smart governance is the effective, easily accessible and equitable provision of services to the citizens by any democratic government, which contributes to the public welfare and economic development of the country. Smart governance is the use of new technology for good planning and good decision making in a technological institution and democracy.

    Question:28 Write down any four uses of Aadhar card?

    Answer: The uses of Aadhaar Card are as under: -

    1. To make a PAN card.
    2. To open a bank account
    3. To get gas connection and subsidy.
    4. To get a mobile SIM card or telephone connection.

    Question:29 What are the different parts of information system?

    Answer: Parts of Information System: -

    1. Hardware: - This component includes the physical components of a computer such as monitors, keyboards, mice, etc. that work together.
    2. Software: - This component includes all the programs that can be used to process data using hardware.
    3. Database: - This partition is used to store data in file form.
    4. Network: - This section shares resources, information and data in the information system.
    5. Procedure: - This section covers the methods and procedures used to obtain information by processing the data in the information system.

    Question:30 What is the Sewa/Suwidha Kendra? Describe.

    Answer: The government has set up various help centers at district, block, city and village level to provide e-services and facilities through e-governance. These help centers are called Sewa Kendra or Suwidha Kendra. Through Seva Kendra we can make residency certificate, caste certificate, birth and death certificate, income certificate, Aadhaar card, religion certificate, registry, copy of mutation, pay online electricity/telephone bill, vehicle registration certificate, etc.


    Long answer type questions(6-6marks)

    Question 1: What are network layers? Describe any three network devices?

    Answer:- A network device is the hardware used to build a network. This network can be a small network used in a home or office or a large network used in large buildings.

    Different types of network devices: -

    1. Hub: - A hub is a networking device that transmits data to each computer or connected Ethernet based device. When a computer in a network requests a particular computer for information, the hub receives that request and sends it to the main computer. The hub performs the task of duplicating data packets received from a single port, making them available on group ports and allowing data sharing between group devices connected to it.

    2. Switch: - A Switch is a device that transfers data packets between many network devices such as computers, routers, servers or other Switches. The switch contains a buffer, which increases the efficiency and performance of the switch. The switch can also check for any errors before forwarding the data, and this feature makes it very effective, as it does not forward the packets that contain errors but only sends the correct packets to the correct port.

    3. Repeater: - A router is a hardware device that acts as a network gateway in a network, and is responsible for the flow of data in a network and the connection of the network to the Internet. A router is a switch-like device that sends data packets to a network based on their IP (Internet Protocol) address. A router is primarily a network layer device.


    Question 2: What is unguided media? Write any two media?

    Answer:- In unguided media, signals are sent independently in group directions, without the use of cables. Unguided media transfers data using electromagnetic waves without the use of physical conductors. Unguided media communication is a data signal that flows through the air. These media are not categorized for adoption or guidance by any channel. These are categorized by type of wave propagation.

    Types of Unguided Media: -

    1. Infrared: - Infrared is a type of wireless mobile technology used to communicate over a small area. The major drawback of infrared communication is that it operates according to the line of sight principle and its transmission range is limited, due to which its signals cannot cross any wall in its path. Infrared cannot be used for long distance communication as its use is limited to enclosed spaces. The use of infrared does not require government approval.

    2. Bluetooth: - Bluetooth is a type of radio communication technology that enables a low power and short distance wireless networking between phones, computers and other network devices. The process used to connect two Bluetooth devices is called pairing. Personal computers and other devices can be connected using a Bluetooth dongle. Bluetooth networks use a dynamic topology called piconet. Signals sent via Bluetooth can transmit up to 30 feet.

    3. Wi-Fi: - The full name of Wi-Fi is Wireless Fidelity, and it is called Wireless Local Area Network. Wi-Fi enables local area networks to operate without cables and wiring. Using Wi-Fi, we can exchange information between two or more devices connected to the same network. Wi-Fi is designed for mobile computing devices, but is now used in electronics such as televisions, DVD players, and even digital cameras.


    Question 3: What is twisted pair cable? Define its advantages and disadvantages?

    Answer:- Twisted pair cabling consists of two different insulated copper wires and these two wires appear to be wrapped around each other. One wire in each pair is used for data transfer and the other wire for earthing. These two insulated copper wires are twisted around each other to reduce cross talk between the wires. This wire is flexible and can easily connect to any device. This cable can transfer data up to a distance of 1 km or more with a speed of 1-2 megabits per second. The shorter the distance of this cable, the higher the speed of data transfer.

    Advantages of Twisted Pair Cable: -

    1. These cables can be used for both analog and digital transmission.

    2. These distances are cheaper for shorter distances.

    3. If any part of the network is damaged, the entire network is not down.

    Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cable: -

    1. The signal cannot travel long distances without the use of repeaters.

    2. The error rate is higher at a distance of more than 100 meters.

    3. Very thin wire breaks easily, so this wire is not suitable for broadband connection.


    Question 4: What is fibre optic cable? Define its advantages and disadvantages?

    Answer:- This cable is made of thousands of thin fibers of glass, one fiber of each glass is as thin as a thread, through which light can be transferred. In it a ray of light is sent at a speed of one million bits per second. A fiber cable can transmits a few television signals and thousands of telephone line signals. The size and weight of this cable is less than that of a coaxial cable and the data transfer rate is also 10 times higher than that of a coaxial cable.

    Advantages of Fiber Optical Cable: -

    1. A single mode fiber can be used in place of large and heavy copper wire.

    2. Suitable for high bandwidth, industrial and noisy areas.

    3. It does not weaken data signals and can be sent over long distances.

    Disadvantages of Fiber Optical Cable: -

    1. Optical fiber cable is expensive.

    2. Optical fiber cable has to be polished so that light can be sent with little damage.

    3. Light waves are unidirectional, so full duplex communication requires two frequencies.


    Question 5: What is communication mode? Define its types?

    Answer:- The process of transferring data or information between two devices connected to a network is called communication mode. They also indicate the direction of signal flow between connected devices.

    There are three types of communication mode: -

    1. Simplex mode: - In Simplex the transmission of data is one direction, meaning notifications can only go in one direction, and the signal cannot be sent back to the sender due to one way traffic. Only one of the two connected devices can transfer data, and the other device can receive data. Example: Keyboard, mouse. Television.

    2. Half Duplex Mode: - In Half Duplex the data is transmitted between the two devices, meaning both the sender and the receiver can send data to each other, but the data can be sent in the same direction at the same time. This transmission is used when data transmission is not required at the same time. Example: walkie-talkie

    3. Full duplex mode: - In Full duplex mode sender and receiver can transmit data simultaneously through full duplex. In a full duplex the data transmission capability is divided into two parts so that both can transmit data. Example: telephone line.


    Question:6 What are the applications of artificial intelligence?

    Answer: Areas of use of Artificial Intelligence: -

    1. AI is used to build intrusion detection systems. For example, a firewall program in the operating system that automatically blocks unauthorized websites.

    2. AI is used in the gaming field. In particular, it plays an important role in strategic games such as chess, tic-tac-toe.

    3. AI plays an important role in systems that process natural languages. For example: Human interactive computer systems that can understand and process human language

    4. AI is used to build weight systems. These systems are able to understand and analyze the visual input on the computer. Example: spy drones

    5. AI is used in the construction of specialized systems.

    6. AI is used to build intelligent robots.

    7. AI is used in the construction of machine learning systems.


    Question:7 What is the importance of AI?

    Answer: Importance of Artificial Intelligence: -

    1. Game Playing: - From virtual reality games to modern games, it is one of the industries where artificial intelligence has made the biggest leap. Bots are always there to play with you, and so you don't need another person to play. The level of personal details and graphics is also possible due to the advent of Artificial Intelligence and is taking the industry to a whole new level.

    2. Banking and financial institutions: - Artificial intelligence is playing an important role in managing financial transactions and managing many other activities in the bank. The day to day operations of banks such as transactions and financial operations, stock market money and their management, etc. are being carried out in a very simple and efficient manner by these machine learning models.

    3. Voice Recognition: - Artificial intelligence technology recognizes the words spoken by the user and converts or responds to the text. This is also called speech recognition. Google, for example, asks us to speak on a mobile or computer and responds to the user by analyzing it. Apple's Siri software is also a good example of voice recognition.

    4. Computer Vision and Analysis: - Computer Vision 3D presents real world information in a three-dimensional way. Computer Vision helps in identifying patterns. It automatically gathers information from images, pictures and patterns and provides us with information.


    Question:8 What are the Pros and Cons of Artificial Intelligence?

    Answer: Advantages of AI: -

    1. AI-based systems enhance performance. These systems perform complex tasks without errors.

    2. AI based systems can work for a long time without any rest. These systems are not as sick as humans and do not take leave.

    3. Machines are emotionless so emotional barriers cannot stop machines or robots from working.

    4. There is no possibility of error in the operation of these systems.

    Disadvantages of AI: -

    1. There is no empathy in machines.

    2. Excessive use of these systems will increase unemployment.

    3. If these systems break down, important data stored in them will also be lost.

    4. These systems can be misused if they fall into the wrong hands.


    Question:9 Discuss the characteristics of expert systems?

    Answer: Features of Expert System: -

    1. Expertise: Expert systems specialize in a specific area. For example, the Mycin system specializes in the treatment of blood infections.

    2. Quick Response Time: Expert systems provide quick answers to the questions being asked.

    3. Reliability: No mistakes are made by expert systems, so they are reliable.

    4. Decision quality: Expert systems are capable of making high quality decisions.

    5. Consistency: Expert systems always answer the same questions.

    6. Low cost: It reduces the cost of seeking expert advice for different areas such as: medical examination.