Pseb class 12 physical education lesson 1 question answer 2025

Punjab School Education Board
Class 12 Physical Education (2025-26)

Dear students. In this article, you can repeat the practice of all the lessons of Health and Physical Education of Class 12. You can note the practice of these lessons by clicking on the links of the relevant lessons given below.

 

Chapter 1 Physical Fitness

 One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. How many types of strength are there? Name them.
Answer: There are two types of strength:

·         Dynamic strength

·         Static strength.

Question 2. How many components of Physical fitness are there? Name them.
Answer: components of Physical fitness are

·         Strength

·         Endurance

·         Speed

·         Flexibility

·         Agibity

·         Coordination ability

Question 3. Name short term races.
Answer: 100mt., 200 mt., 400 mt., 4 x 100 m Relay, 4 x 200 mt. Relay, 110 mt hurdle, 100 mt hurdle.

Question 4. Which type of flexibility is more Active flexibility or Passive flexibility?
Answer: Passive flexibility is more than active flexibility.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 5. What is medium term endurance?
Answer: It can be required for such activities which lasts from 2 to 10 min. Middle term endurance depends on muscle endurance and speed endurance Middle distance races are the example of the middle term endurance (800 mt., 1500 m) etc.

Question 6. What do you know about long term endurance?
Answer: It depends upon the aerobic energy system. Long term endurance can be developed for such an event which lasts for 10 min or more. Marathon, 5000 m and 10,000 m races are the examples of the long term endurance.

Question 7. What do you know about passive flexibility?
Answer: It is the ability to perform extension movements around joints with wider range and some external helps. For example, stretching exercise with the help of a partner. This flexibility is more than active flexibility.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 8. What are the different types of Endurance? Explain each of them in detail.
Answer: As per the requirements following are the categories of endurance
1. As per the Nature of the Activity:
(a) Basic Endurance: Basic endurance mainly depends upon aerobic endurance. It is done in slow pace where all the muscle groups of the body are involved in a particular movement. Running, jogging, walking and swimming are the examples of basic endurance.

(b) General Endurance: It depends upon both aerobic and anaerobic activities. It, is done in both slow and fast pace activities. This enables sportsperson to work for longer duration without any tiredness.

(c) Specific Endurance: Specific endurance can be differ from sports to sports. Every sport has their own intensity. For example, marathon runners have to run long hours beside boxers have to complete their bout in 3 minute round.

2. As per the Duration of the Activity:
(a) Short Term Duration: Exercises for short distance can be fixed with the rest interval of short duration. It lasts upto 2 minutes and also called anaerobic activities. Short term endurance is required to resist fatigue in sports activities such as sprints and middle distance races.

(b) Middle Term Endurance: It can be required for such activities which lasts from 2 to 10 min. Middle term endurance depends on muscle endurance and speed endurance Middle distance races are the example of the middle term endurance (800 mt., 1500 m) etc.

(c) Long Term Endurance: It depends upon the aerobic energy system. Long term endurance can be developed for such an event which lasts for 10 min or more. Marathon, 5000 m and 10,000 m races are the examples of the long term endurance.

Question 9. Write a note on each of the following:
(i) speed    (ii) flexibility       (iii) co-ordinative ability.
Answer:
(i) Speed: Speed is maximum rate at which a person is able to move his body over a specific distance. We can say that speed is the ability to move from one place to another in the shortest possible time. This ability is mainly hereditary in nature. That is why we can improve speed after rigorous training upto 20% only. It is also said that sprinters are bom not made.

Types of Speed:
1. Reaction Speed: It is the ability to give a quick reaction on a signal. The sportsperson respond against the situation demand.

2. Acceleration Speed: It is the ability to achieve maximum speed from stationary position. We can see it in sprints. Indirectly .this ability depends on the other factors like explosive strength, technique and flexibility.

3. Movement Speed: It is the ability to do maximum movement in minimum time. These can be seen in team games, combative sports, racket sports, throws and gymnastics etc.

4. Locomotor Ability: This is the ability to maintain the speed after accelerated maximally. This can be seen in few events such as short distance races, i.e. 100 m, 200 m and 400 m etc.

5. Speed Endurance: It is the ability to maintain near maximal speed for a longer duration.

(ii) Flexibility: Flexibility is the range of movement possible around a joint. In general terms, flexibility has been defined as the range of motion around a joint and its surrounding muscles during passive movements.

Types of Flexibility:
1. Static Flexibility: It is the ability to extend various joints in a stationary position.
(a) Passive Flexibility: It is the ability to perform extension movements around joints with wider range and some external helps. For example, stretching exercise with the ‘help of a partner. This flexibility is more than active flexibility.

(b) Active Flexibility: It is the ability to perform flexibility or extension movements with larger amplitude without any external help or a partner. For example, swinging of legs.

2. Dynamic Flexibility: It is the ability to perform extension movements around joints with greater amplitude when the body is in motion. Dynamic flexibility is more specific to sports to sports movements. For example, running and somersault in gymnastics or diving in swimming etc.

(iii) Coordination Ability: Coordination Ability is the ability to perform smooth and accurate motor task, often involving the use of the sense organs and series of correlated muscular contraction that affect a range of joint and therefore relative limb and body position. It depends on the neuro-muscular coordination of the body.

Types of Coordination Ability: There are mainly seven types of coordinative abilities considered in sports. These are as follows:
1. Orientation Ability: It is the ability of an individual to analyze and change his body position and its parts in time and space in relation to performance required. For example, gymnast changes his body position as per the requirements of sports performance and basket ball player changes his position from offense to defence as the ball possession goes to opponent.

2. Coupling Ability: It is the ability of an individual to systematically and meaningfully combine the movement of different body parts for successful performance of sports movement. For example, during spiking in volleyball, the player jumps and hits the ball.

3. Differentiation Ability: It is the ability which enables the sportsman to separate the different body position and its parts during execution of motor action with high accuracy and movement economy. For example, in volley ball when player jumps for spiking, but drops ball according to the situation.

4. Reaction Ability: It is the ability of an individual to respond quickly to a given signal and perform the movement in well directed manner. For example, in 100 m sprint when an athlete gets the signal he reacts quickly and performs the movement in desired direction.

5. Balance Ability: It is the ability of an individual to maintain the dynamic condition. For example, in 400 m race, runner should run in his own lane.

6. Rhythm Ability: It is the ability of an individual to understand the rhythm of movement and to execute the movement with required rhythm. For example, taking lay-up shot in basketball.

7. Adaptation Ability: It is the ability of an individual to bring about an effective change in the movement according to anticipated change in the situation. For example, adaptation of scoop to the hitting a ball in hockey.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 10. What do you know about the importance of Physical fitness? Explain in detail.
Answer: People who are physically fit are able to enjoy their life to the fullest. In today’s scenario of technological development people hardly spend time for their physical fitness. Now, question arises why it is important to be physically fit. The answer lies in the following points:

1. Improves Overall Health: Physically fit persons possess numerous health advantages such as respiratory, cardiovascular health and overall functioning of the body remain in active state. This helps, in reducing the chances of type 2 diabetes, heart diseases, reduces risk of some cancer and lastly helps in maintaining good health and wellness.

2. Weight Management: As we all know that the person with overweight or obese people is more prone to health related problems such as high BP, cholesterol level, diabetes etc. So, people who are living active lifestyle and physically fit are less likely to face these problems as they are able to control and manage their optimum weight with the help of regular exercise and stay fit.

3. Importance as a stress management: Through the physical fitness and wellness programme, an individual become capable of managing stress, relieving stress and easily distracted from the daily stresses. Hence, this help in staying active and balanced in any stage of life. So, in order to maintain relaxed state of mind, a person should be physically fit.

4. Reduced risk of injuries: Physical fitness prevents the chances of injuries in later stage. The reason for the same could be the increased muscle strength, bone density, flexibility and stability. It reduces the chances of injuries especially, as a person get older e.g. strong bones mean less likely to suffer bone injuries as later age.

5. Increases life expectancy: Regular exercise and physical activity reduces the chances of health related diseases, which increases life expectancy and reduce the risk of premature mortality. It has been observed that people who are more active tend to be healthier and tend to live longer.

6. Proper growth and development: Through fitness and wellness programme children tend to grow and develop better. They are able to attain good shape, height, structure and optimum weight with the help of their physical fitness programme. So, physically fit person are in well balanced state of their physical structure as well.

7. Improves work efficiency: The person who are physically fit are tend to perform well in every sphere of life such as work place, family peer group etc. Due to their active and balance state of body and mind their output at work place is more and they tend to enjoy social group with more zeal and excitement. Hence, helps in enjoying their life to the fullest.

Hence, it can be concluded that physical fitness is important for the ‘‘Sound mind in a sound body”. To enjoy at every stage of life.

Question 11. Write the meaning and definition of Physical fitness.

Answer: Physical fitness is one of the basic requirements of life. It is the ability to carry out our daily tasks without undue fatigue. It is also refer to balanced state of psychological, physiological or anatomical aspects of the person. The concept of physical fitness, in the field of physical education and sports, means the capability of an individual to meet the varied physical and physiological demands made by a sporting activity, without reducing the person to an excessively fatigued state. Such a state would be one in which individual can no longer perform the skills of the activity accurately and successfully.

It is necessary for every individual to be physically fit to perform their daily work with ease or without undue fatigue and to take part in various activities effectively. Everyone should be fit enough through participation in physical activities to develop the different components related to physical fitness.

1. According to Clarke: “Physical fitness is the ability to carry out daily task with vigour and alertness without undue fatigue and ample energy to enjoy leisure time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies.”

2. According to Bucher and Prentice: “Physical fitness is organic development, muscular strength and stamina. Physical fitness implies efficient performance in exercises.”

3. According to Thomas: “Physical fitness is the total fundamental capacity of an individual to perform a given task”.

4. According to Mathews: “Physical fitness is the capacity of an individual to perform given physical tasks involving muscular effort”.

5. According to William: “Physical fitness is the capacity of an individual to perform physical work”.

6. According to Hubert Dhanaraj: “Physical fitness refers to the ability of the body to tolerate stress in all its kinds and maintain manifestations”.

7. According David R. Lamb: “Physical fitness is the capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of life with success.”

8. According to Web Encyclopaedia: ‘‘It is the ability of a person to do daily routine work without fatigue; moreover to participate in playful activity and still reserves enough capacity to meet any emergency.”

Hence, it is important for everyone to stay fit and healthy to perform his daily routine work effectively, to enjoy his life to fullest.

Question 12. Explain the factors affecting Physical fitness in detail.
Answer: There are enormous factors which affects physical fitness in certain ways. Due to inactivity, both short term and long term physical fitness get affected in number of ways. These factors which affect physical fitness are as below:
1. Anatomical Structure: Anatomical/body structure of every individual is different or they have different shape and sizes. Inappropriate shape and size always hinder in physical performance. Sometimes, genetic impaired organ limits the physical performance of an individual, e.g. a person with smaller lower limbs have more balance as compare to vice-versa.

2. Physiological Structure: Our all internal system like respiratory system, circulatory system, muscular system and other body systems must work efficiently. Any malfunctioning in systems can affect the physical performance of an individual Example would be problem in breathing or heart diseases etc. may affect the endurance capacity of a person. Hence, for the optimal physical fitness an individual must be physiologically fit also.

3. Psychological Factor: There are so many psychological disorders which has affect on physical performance e.g. stress, tension, anxiety etc. which are big barriers in performance. Mentally strong and stress free individual can be fit for sports. Stress and tension always limits the physical fitness of a person and hence, affects the performance.

4. Heredity and Environment: Both, heredity and environment affects physical fitness of an individual. Heredity and environment interacts to produce their effects. This means that the way genes act depends on the environment in which they act. e.g. if any person is a good sportsman, the child tend to have some traits of physical domain. Similarly, environmental variables also effects an individual e.g. difference of height in Japanese and American.

5. Good Posture: Postural deformities always creates hindrance in physical fitness, for example muscle imbalance, pain, nutrition deficiency, lordosis, scoliosis, round shoulder, knock knees etc. can affect physical fitness of a person, e.g. A person with flat feet would not be able to perform better in events demanding speed.

6. Diet: Diet plays a major role in physical performance and it is required to maintain physical fitness level. Right amount of calories and nutrition will help athlete to perform their best. Without adequate carbohydrate and fluid, an athlete gets tired very easily and quickly. Protein is needed to rebuild muscles. Without carbohydrates, protein, vitamins athlete will not perform well and it also decreases physical fitness.

7. Life Style: People who follow good life style are more fit and perform better in physical performance. Life style does not mean luxuries living; it means living with good habits. An individual who is habitual of smoking, liquor, drug etc. cannot perform well on these components of physical fitness. It affects physical fitness and overall health of a person.

8. Climate: Different climatic conditions always affect the physical fitness of a person. There are different climatic conditions like winter, summer, humid etc. which influence physical fitness. For better physical performance one must trained themselves in different climate conditions. For example if an individual belongs to the hot and humid area and they have to compete in cold area then, it affects their physical performance. To avoid these barriers one must practice in different climates.

9. Inactivity: Lack of physical activity leads individual towards sedentary life style which also creates malfunctioning in body system. Physical activity is the term used to describe any kind of everyday activity where body’s movement bums calories. Example would be walking, running, cycling, swimming, sweeping or other household work. Due to inactivity body system gets weaken and other health issues arise.

10. Injury: Injuries are part of sports. Lack of injury management can decrease performance as well as it affects psychologically on athletes’ mind. Severe or long term injuries often affecting more mentally then physically. Long term injuries leads to inactivity which ultimately affects the physical fitness of a person.

11. Age: Age differences always affects physical fitness of an individual. As we cannot compare the physical efficiency of an adult with younger ones. In the same way when we grow older, our muscle mass decreases and body fat increases which really affects physical fitness.

12. Gender: Gender plays a major role in physical performance. Both male and female have huge structural differences. For example female bodies are less muscular, but their joints are more flexible, which gives them greater range of motion and they have an advantage in sports such as gymnastics. Men have larger skeletal muscles as well as larger heart, which generate more power, strength, speed and endurance.

13. Healthy environment: A healthy environment at school, home or at play field is helpful in better physical health and fitness. It also encourages athlete to get best physical performance. A healthy environment and good participation is essential for proper growth and development which plays a key role in physical fitness.

Chapter 2 Sports Training

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. How many types of warming-up are there? Name them.
Answer: There are two types of warming up:

·         Physiological warming up

·         Psychological warming up.

Question 2. Write any one benefit of Interval training Method.
Answer: Since, hardly any training aids are required, more athletes can be trained at the same time.

Question 3. How is the word Training used in sports?
Answer: Sports training is the entire systematic process of preparation of athletes for highest level of performance.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4. Write the meaning of sports training.
Answer: In general, the word sports training is commonly used by the sportsperson in the field of sports. But, in broad sense training may be defined as an organised and systematic instructional process which aims to improve the individual’s physical, psychological and intellectual performance or tactical capabilities.

Question 5. Write one aim of sports training.
Answer: Development of Overall Personality. Overall personality can be observed with habits, self esteem, social skills, behavior, leadership, abilities, resilience, values, team building etc. towards the requirements of training of competition. These are the personality traits that can be achieved or improved through sports during training. Hence, sports training play an important role in the development of personality.

Question 6. What do you know about physical structure?
Answer: Physical structure means physique body structure or work efficiency. Shape of muscles and structure of bones can be identified through medical procedure. Inspite of these factors hereditary factors also play an important role in games and sports.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 7. Write a note on the following:
(i) Physical fitness        (ii) Technical Expertise         (iii) Technical skills
(iv) Development of overall personality.
Answer:
(i) Physical Fitness: It refers as one must possess physical fitness components e.g. strength, speed, endurance, agility, balance, power etc. these components can be achieved through regular physical training and are prerequisites of all sports. These physical fitness components vary from sports to sports e.g. some sports requires strength and endurance and other needs agility etc. With the help of physical training plan e.g. short term and long term plan, plan according to participation in general or specific competitions etc. can be achieved easily.

(ii) Technical Expertise: Technical skill is a fundamental component of sports training. It refers to improve set of exercises and various skills used in various sports to achieve highly optimum performance or efficiency. Technical skill consists of various repeats (in order to become skill), initial training of athlete, abilities of athlete, motor abilities (fitness components), sensory abilities (understanding level of complex situation) etc. these above said fundamental can be achieved regular practice. For this, technical skill can divide in phases e.g. athlete must be prepared themselves for physical fitness, skill improvement training etc.

(iii) Technical skills: Technical skill is a fundamental component of sports training. It refers to improve set of exercises and various skills used in various sports to achieve highly optimum performance or efficiency. Technical skill consists of various repeats (in order to become skill), initial training of athlete, abilities of athlete, motor abilities (fitness components), sensory abilities (understanding level of complex situation) etc. these above said fundamental can be achieved regular practice. For this, technical skill can divide in phases e.g. athlete must be prepared themselves for physical fitness, skill improvement training etc.

(iv) Development of overall personality: Overall personality can be observed with habits, self-esteem, social skills, behavior, leadership, abilities, resilience, values, team building etc. towards the requirements of training of competition. These are the personality traits that can be achieved or improved through sports during training. Hence, sports training play an important role in the development of personality.

All games and sports certainly benefit both mind and body and create discipline, team building, confidence and physical fitness. Sports training enhance strength, speed, skill, endurance, and flexibility but also increases self esteem, builds social skills and leadership, increases resilience and inculcates values. These specific personality traits which are more suitable to attain high level of sports performance in sports can be develop with the help of sports training.

Question 8. What is warming up? What is the difference between psychological and Physical warm up? .
Answer: “Warming up is a preliminary exercises of physical and mental preparation for a strenuous exertion”.
“Warming up is a process of heating the whole body by running and performing exercises prior to the activity”.
“Warming up is a process by which human machine is brought to a condition at which it safely responds to the nerves impulses of the persons for quick and efficient action”.

1. Physiological warming up: It is mainly when the light exercises are performed in order to have benefits of muscular contraction due to increase in temperature of the muscles. It can further be classified into following two categories:

(i) Active warming up: It involves bodily movement such as light exercises, jogging etc. to increase body temperature.
It is further of two types:
(a) General warming up
(b) Specific warming up

(a) General warming up: In this type of warm-up athlete does not engage themselves in a specific activity. It generally last from eight to ten minutes. This warm-up might include very easy jogging or vigorous walking, strides and simple exercises which are helpful to increase the heart rate.

(b) Specific warming up: In this type of warming up athlete must follow specific exercises related to game or activity. For example sprinter must do strides before actual competition. Lunge walk, buttock kicks and rotation torso from side to side are required for tennis players etc.

(i) Passive warming up: In passive warming up activities other than bodily movements are adapted to have physiological effects of warming up such as sauna bath, steam bath, massage, both with warm water etc.

2. Physical Warming up: In this, the psychological benefits of warming up are displayed with the effect of exercises. In this, mind is prepared for action within the duration of warming up.

Question 9. Write about the principle of uniformity and differentiation.
Answer:
1. Principle of differentiation: As we all know ‘no two individuals are alike, they may have different physical structure, psychological make up, interest, capacities and abilities etc. So, while preparing physical training programme, a coach or trainer must take into consideration these factors.

2. Principle of Uniformity: The second principle for the sports training lies in the use and disuse of the trained skills. It simply implies that regular training or practice is most important for any training programme. Without regular practice or use of trained skill the training or fitness level is not possible to maintain at same level.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 10. What is circuit training method? Write its benefits.
Answer: Circuit training was developed by R.E. Morgan and G.T. Anderson in 1953 at the University of Leads, England. This type of conditioning involves almost all of the training factors. Circuit training can be designed to develop strength, power, muscular endurance, speed, agility and neuromuscular coordination, flexibility and cardiovascular endurance.
Circuit training is formal type of training which is done in a circular pattern.

Circuit can be set up in gymnasium hall, room, or outside of the court and fields. There are usually six to ten stations are arranged in a circuit. A trainee perform one exercise and then move to the next station to do next exercise and keep moving from one point to the other to do the rest of exercises within the stipulated time.
Benefits of Circuit Training: Circuit training has enormous advantages. These are mentioned below-

·         It is time saving.

·         More players can be trained at a time.

·         Swiftness in training.

·         Recreation in training.

·         Development of individual capabilities.

·         It is easy to make separate plans for men and women.

·         It combines a number of different components of training.

·         It provides an interesting training environment for the athlete and there are established times and levels to motivate the athlete to continue improving.

·         The circuit can be modified to fit the needs of any one group or individual.

·         It can be adapted within the time constraints of the individual.

·         It can accommodate large groups of individuals at a relatively low expense.

·         In circuit training progression in all activities is assured.

Question 11. What is the meaning of cooling/limbering down?
Answer: It is very important process to bring the body in normal state after competition or training. These are simple, easy and mild exercises done after intense training to allow body from transition to resting phase or we can say that limbering down means lowering the intensity of the work by performing stretching exercise followed by deep breath and relaxation exercises.

Cooling down is a process, which should be carried out at the end of stemuos activity. Our body after an exercise or training period takes some time for coming to its normal state, during this period many accommodative activities take place inside the body. Blood circulation in effected muscles and joints take place at a faster pace and cools down slowly. Continuing with slow exercises and deep breathing, cooling down should be carried out. Sudden coming to rest posture shall cause immense harm to the joints and muscles of our body.
Methods of Cooling Down:

·         Walking.

·         Jogging 5-10 min.

·         Static exercises 5-10 min.

·         Stretching exercises 10-30 min.

·         Yogic asana like shavasana.

·         To take hot water bath.

·         To carry out massage of the muscles to save them from hardening.

·         To carry out entertainment activities or mood stimulating games.

·         To carry out relaxation exercises.

The effects of cooling down are listed below:

·         Assists in the decrease of post exercise stiffness and muscle soreness.

·         Helpful in decreasing the risk of injury.

·         Body temperature becomes normal.

·         It reduces the chances of fainting.

·         Supply good amount of oxygen.

·         It decreases the level of underline in the blood.

·         It relaxes muscles.

·         Heart rate returns to initial stage.

·         Decrease in tension.

·         Save body from harmful effects.

·         Calm down mental state.

·         Reduces unwanted liquid from the muscle.

·         Prepares the body for ensuing events.

·         Reduces obstruction in the functioning of muscles.

·         Makes the system favorable for other exercises.

Question 12. What do you know about Interval method?
Answer: Interval training is very useful for increasing the endurance and capabilities of sprinters and other players. This pattern of training was developed by German coach Dr. Woldemar Gerschler and Dr. Herbert Reindel, Interval training method gives importance to distance, speed, time and rest and develops tolerance, strength and proper blood circulation towards heart.

In this, interval training- relatively fast runs over relatively short distances are repeated for a number of times. We can say, a player in this pattern runs half or a quarter of the fixed distance with maximum speeds and then followed by jogging to regain strength and repeats this pattern several times. As the player develops stamina, period of rest is reduced and running time with maximum speed is increased. This system of exercise is carried out on repeatedly till a player reaches the peak of his capacities.
1. Fast or Intensive Interval training
2. Slow or Extensive Interval training.

1. Fast or Intensive: It is also called high intensity interval training (HUT) or sprint interval training (SIT) in which intense aerobic exercise with less period of recovery is given, until the athlete gets too exhausted to continue the workout. In this athlete performs 80 to 100% of his total capacity and the heart rate goes up to 170 to 200 beats/per minute. This method is primarily used to develop speed endurance.

2. Slow or Extensive: It is primarily used to develop general endurance of an athlete. The minutes of repetition should be more with less intensity. In this athlete performs 60 to 80% of his total capacity and the heart rate increases upto 140-180 beats/per minute.
Advantage of Interval Training:

1. Interval training utilizes the body’s two energy- producing systems: The aerobic and the anaerobic.
(i) The aerobic system is the one that allows walking or running for several miles, that uses oxygen to convert carbohydrates from various sources throughout the body into energy.

(ii) The anaerobic system, on the other hand, draws energy from carbohydrates stored in muscles for short bursts of activity such as sprinting, jumping or lifting heavy objects. This system does not require oxygen, nor does it provide enough energy for more than the briefest activities.
2. It improves blood circulation.
3. Since, hardly any training aids are required; more athletes can be trained at the same time.
4. Economy of time.

Chapter 3 Careers in Physical Education and Sports Awards

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. What kind of schools did the British open when they came to India in a large Number?
Answer: The Britishers were very fond of games and sports and for the first time they introduced Football, Cricket, Gymnastic and Hockey in India. When the large number of British people came to India, they started English medium schools for their children.

Question 2. What is the duration of B.P. Ed. course?
Answer: 2 years.

Question 3. When was Physical Education originated in India?
Answer: 1920.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4. What is the full form of N.S.N.I.S?
Answer: Netaji Subhash National Institute of Sports.

Question 5. What is the eligibility for receiving the Arjuna Award?
Answer: The award is presented to the sports persons who performed outstanding at International level such as Olympic Games, Asian Games and Commonwealth Games during last four years.

Question 6. Write about certificate course in Yoga.
Answer: In order to become Yoga trainer or instructor, a person should possess certificate course of 40 days duration. The eligibility for this course is XIIth (Senior Secondary School pass Certificate).

Question 7. Write about Diploma in Yoga.
Answer: The diploma in Yoga can be pursued after graduation or equivalent degree. The duration of the diploma is 2 years and person become eligible to teach Yoga at school level.

Question 8. Who is given the Dronacharya Award?
Answer: To recognize the contribution of the coaches in sports.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 9. What is the importance of a Physiotherapist for players?
Answer: The knowledge of sports injuries and their management is the key in this field. Thus, students can adopt this as profession like a sports physiotherapist. The qualification to become a physiotherapist could be diploma, Bachelor of physiotherapist, B.Sc in physiotherapy or Master in Physiotherapy. There is ample scope for physiotherapist as a career. They can be attached with many sports associations and national teams. They may get opportunity as personnel physiotherapist with renowned players.

Question 10. Write about Rajiv Gandhi Khel Rattan Award.
Answer: The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Rattan award is conferred in the memory of late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. It was started in the year 1991 to boost the morale and confidence of the players. This award is presented by Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to the players for their
exceptional performance in sports in India. The recipients of the award are given a cash prize of 7.5 lakhs. A medal and citation are given along with the cash prize to the players. The first recipient of the award was Vishwanathan Anand in 1992-1993 and the first woman was Kamam Malleswari who was conferred Rajiv Gandhi Khel Rattan for weightlifting in the year 1995-1996 and Pankaj Advani is the only player to receive this award for two different games- Snooker and Billiards.

Question 11. Write about Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award.
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh award was instituted in 1978 by the government of Punjab on the name of the leader of the Sikh Empire. It consists of a trophy of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, honouree citation, scroll and carrying a 5 lakh cash prize (amount increases as per 2018 policy) earlier this amount was 1 lakh which is presented to distinguished sportsperson every year.

The awardees shall be selected from those who participated at Olympics level, World championship level, national and other recognised international sports competitions in all disciplines. Pargat Singh, Hockey Olympian was the first person who received Maharaja Ranjit Singh award.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 12. What is Sports training? Explain it briefly.
Answer: In general, the word sports training is commonly used by the sportsperson in the field of sports. But, in broad sense training may be defined as an organised and instructional process which aims to improve the individual’s physical, psychological and intellectual performance or tactical capabilities. In order to impart training in sports, a coach or trainer must possess following certification in various courses.

1. Master Degree in Sports Coaching: Physical education as a career, one must be well qualified with certificate, degree or diploma in physical education from recognised university. They must possess B.PE, B.PED, M.PED, M.Phil, and highest degree Ph.D in the respective field. There are ample opportunities to work as physical educationist. They can be a teacher in schools, colleges and can also work as professors in universities with excellence in their field.

2. Certificate Course in Sports Coaching: To choose this as a career one must be very fit and healthy and have the experience in any field like aerobic trainer, calisthenics expert and weight training expert. Now-a-days, career as fitness trainer is very lucrative. Every individual understood the value of physical fitness for their day to day daily task as well as career.

Fitness trainer helps people of all ages to get and improve their fitness. Fitness trainer must posses’ certificate course in fitness instruction, diploma in health, fitness and exercise instruction and diploma in personal training. Apart from qualification they have to have known about nutritional value and diet plan. There are enormous employment opportunities available for fitness trainer in public as well in private sectors.

3. Diploma in Sports Coaching: The good coach must possess knowledge of subject in depth along with game related skills. There are several games played in the world and every game requires specialized coaching. After doing diploma of coaching in a particular game, a person can avail job as a coach. Apart from coach of national or international team, there are enormous opportunities available for coaches e.g. they can coach a team in schools, collages, clubs etc. They can also run their own sports academies. A coach must have done NIS diploma in particular game and must have acquired knowledge of skills also. They can also complete their degree in physical education such as B.PEd, M.PEd etc.

Question 13. What is the importance of careers and sports awards in the field of Physical Education? Write a note on the importance of Physical Education in India.
Answer: Physical Education is an education which is delivered through physical activities,- physical fitness, lifestyle, sports and interpersonal skills.
The career options in Physical Education has been increasing in outer country and whole world. To adopt Physical Education as career is not an easy option. In India many government institution such as Sports Authority of India, National Sports Federations, Youth Sports department, Railways, Banks, Indian Airlines, military and police department etc. provides job’s opportunities. These jobs are given on the basis of sports performance under ‘Sports Quota’.

In present time, various career options are available in the field of Physical Education. A person can work as Physical Education teacher at school and college. For this a person must done various professional courses in the field. For instance B.P.Ed., D.P.Ed., M.A., M.Phil, Ph. D, UGC (NET) etc. On the basis of these qualification a person can get job as teacher in school or colleges. In addition to this, a person can also work as sports trainer, physiotherapist journalist, yoga expert etc.

The sports awards are given for the outstanding performance in recognized sports only. In order to encourage and motivate sports persons and coaches for their performance in the field of sports, they are presented with sports award, which is given on the name of eminent sports personality Major Dhyanchand on the occasion of his birthday i.e. 29th August every year, on the mark of ‘National Sports Day’ in Rashtrapati Bhavan. Various Sports Awards such as Rajiv Gandhi Khel Rattan Award, Arjuna Award, Dronacharya Award, Dhyanchand Award, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Award, MAKA trophy etc. are given for the recognition in the field of sports.

Sports have always been a part and parcel of human civilization. If we go through our past civilization, then we can find that sports had an important place in Vedic period, Epic period, Historical period etc. Many researchers established that people were always engaged in sports throughout history. People mostly participated in Archery. Horse riding, Armed training, Hunting, Fencing, Swimming etc.

However, British people were also sports lovers and promoted sports culture in India. In the year 1858, East India company entered in India and whole nation became under them.British people were very much interested in sports and they introduced sports for the first time in India such as Cricket, Football, Gymnastics, Hockey etc. and they also established English medium schools in India for the education of their children.

Question 14. What is the eligibility for the following courses? Also mention their duration.
(i) B.P.Ed.   (ii) D.P.Ed. (iii) Certificate course in Yoga       (iv) Ph.D.
Answer:
(i) B.P.Ed. (Integrated Course): This course is for four years duration and this course is conducted by various recognized Colleges and Universities. This course is equivalent to other graduation level course. Earlier, the duration of course was three years, but later on in the year 2016-17. The duration of course was extended to four years by NCERT. After completing this course a person can work as PTI at school level.
Eligibility for the course.

·         A person must have scored 50 percent marks in XII from the recognized board.

·         It is mandatory to qualify entrance test and physical efficiency test.

·         50% marks in D.P.Ed. degree.

(ii) D.P.Ed: This course was earlier known as C.P.Ed and later on the name was changed to D.P.Ed. and at the same time the duration of course was also extended to two years. After completing this course, a person can work as PTI in elementry school.
Eligibility for D.P.Ed. course:

·         A person must passed XU with 50% marks from any recognized board.

·         A person should be physically fit.

·         It is necessary to pass physical fitness test.

(iii) Certificate course in Yoga: In order to take admission in this course a person must have passed XII from any recognized board. The duration of course is 6 weeks in which a person gets knowledge about various asanas. After completing this course, a person can work as Yoga trainer.

(iv) Ph.D. (Doctorate of Philosophy): This is the highest degree in the subject of Physical Education, the duration for which can be 3 to 4 years. In this a person can study and research any area of specialization and according to his interest in the field. The results and findings of the study can be applied for the development of the subject. After completing this course a person may be designated as Doctor in the subject.

Eligibility:-

·         To persue doctorate degree a person must qualify entrance test or qualify UGC (NET) examination.

·         It can be done after M.Phil. or Masters’ degree in the subject.

 

Chapter 4 Sport Injuries

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. What are sports injuries?
Answer: A sports injury may be defined as “damage to the tissues of the body that occurs as a result of sport or exercise” due to overuse, twisting and stretching.

Question 2. Write any two symptoms of sprain.
Answer:

·         Burning, pain, and swelling.

·         Severe pain during movement.

Question 3. Who participates in sports besides players or sports persons?
Answer: The persons with active lifestyle and performing regular exercises takes part in sports.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4. What is compound fracture?
Answer: It is one in which the skin or mucous membrane wound extends to the fractured bone.

Question 5. What is green stick fracture?
Answer: A fracture in which only one side may get broken and the bone then appears to be bent, but not broken. It is most common in children.

Question 6. What are indirect injuries?
Answer: The injury does not result from physical contact with an object or person but it caused due to internal force built up the action of the performer such as overstretching and poor technique.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 7. What is strain? What are the symptoms of strain?
Answer: Strain is a disruption of the fibers of a muscle or tendon. Tears or strains occur when a muscle or tendon is over-stretched or when a muscle contracts too quickly. The causes of strain occur while lifting weights, muscles are stretched during sudden jerky motion, landing badly on an ankle or walking or exercising on uneven surface. This type of injury generally causes sprains in knees or ankles.

Symptoms:

·         Sudden pain at the site of injury.

·         Fitness and cramps.

·         Swelling at the site of the injuries and sometimes redness also appears.

·         Tenderness.

·         No movement and numbness.

Question 8. Write the treatment of the following:
Answer:
(i) Sprain: There are few steps for prevention of sprains:

·         Sprain is firstly treated as ‘PRICE’, where ‘P’ stands for ‘protection’ and ‘R’ stands for ‘Rest’, ‘I’ stands for ‘Ice application’, ‘C’ stands for ‘Compression’ and E stands for ‘Elevation’. Rest the sprained area. If necessary, use sling for an arm injury or crutches for a leg or foot injury. Apply ice on an injured part for 20 minutes every hour. Never put ice directly against skin or it may damage the skin.

·         Give comfortable position to the patient.

·         Provide support to the injured part.

·         Immobilize and elevate the injured part.

·         Cold compression is given to reduce swelling.

·         Hot formation is applied to absorb the blood collection and reduce discolouration.

·         Apply firm elastic bandage.

·         Shift the patient to the hospital as soon as possible for the medical aid.

(ii) Abrasion:

·         Use protective gear like helmet, knee pads, elbow pads, glasses etc. while doing activities.

·         Use anti itching cream over and near abrasion area.

·         If cut has bleeding, apply gentle pressure with clean cloth. Hold the pressure for 20 to 30
minutes.

·         Immediately rinse out the wound with clear water, do not use soap over it, it may irritate the wound. Through wound cleaning reduces the risk of tetanus.

·         After cleaning the wound, apply antibiotic cream over it to moist the surface.

·         Use bandage to keep the wound clean and keep harmful bacteria out.

·         Use ice to reduce the swelling.

·         Call doctor if scrape is very large and dirty and one is unable to remove debris and dirt, which may cause further infection.

(iii) Strain:

·         Strain is firstly treated as PRICE, where ‘P’ stands for ‘protection’ and ‘R’ stands for ‘Rest’, ‘I’ stands for ‘Ice Application’, C stands for ‘Compression’ and ‘E’ stands for ‘Elevation’. The first thing is to immobilize or rest the sprained area. If necessary, use sling for an arm injury or crutches for a leg or foot injury. Apply ice on an injured part for at least 20 minutes after every hour. Never put ice directly against skin or it may damage the skin.

·         Place the patient in a comfortable position.

·         Immobilized the injured area.

·         Steady and support the injured part.

·         Elevate the injure injured part.

·         Continue ‘RICE’ for 24 to 48 hours.

·         Shift the patient to the hospital or consult doctor.

(iv) Dislocation:
1. Pain Reduction: During this process, the doctor may try some gentle movements around the affected joint to help the bones back into position. In case of severe pain local anaesthetic procedures are adopted.

2. Immobilization: After getting the bones at normal position the joint should be immobilized with a splint or sling for several weeks. The time for which sling or splint is to be used depends upon extent of damage to nerves, blood vessels and supporting tissues.

3. Surgery: If reduction is not able to settle the joint then surgical technique can be used to move dislocated bones back into their correct positions. Even in case of ruptured nearby blood vessels, nerves or ligaments surgery is required.

4. Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation process is started after the splint or sling is removed. For the dislocated joint the rehabilitation exercises should be designed in such a way that the gradual load is given. The aim of rehabilitation is to restore normal range of motion and strength around the joint.

Question 9. What do you know about impact?
Answer: It is common to suffer from injuries during competitive sports. In order to win at any cost, sportsperson performed with zeal and fast pace in competitions. In this situation, the players sometimes come directly in contact with other player and causes injury. The common sports activities in which players suffer injuries due to direct impact are kabaddi, wrestling, boxing, football, hockey etc.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 10. Explain the types of fracture in detail.
Answer:
Fracture: A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone. Fracture occurs when the bone is subjected to stress greater than it can absorb. Fracture can be caused by a direct blow, force, sudden twisting motion and even extreme muscles contraction. The causes of fracture can be direct force, indirect force, force of muscular action and force of ligament.

There are following types of bone fractures that may occur during playing or due to accident:

1. Closed Fracture/Simple Fracture: Its simply the break down of bone in two pieces. It does not produce a break in the skin.

2. Open Fracture/Compound Fracture: It is one in which the skin or mucous membrane wound extends to the fracture bone.

3. Commuted Fracture: A fracture in which bone has splintered into several fragments.

4. Complicated Fracture: A fracture in which the fractured bone fragment is driven into another organs or ligaments such as fracture in thoracic bone may affect lungs etc.

5. Green Stick Fracture: A fracture in which only one side may get broken and the bone then appears to be bent, but not broken. It is most common in children.

6. Hair line Fracture: In this type of fracture the thin hair line crack appears in the bone.

7. Depressed Fracture: A fracture in which fragments are driven inward. This type of fracture can be seen in flat bones such as skull bones etc.

Question 11. Describe sports injuries. Also write the reasons of sports injuries.
Answer: A sports injury may be defined as “damage to the tissues of the body that occurs as a result of sport or exercise”. Sports injuries can be classified according to the cause of the injury or the type of tissues damaged.

If we divide injury according to the cause then it can be categorised as under:
1. Direct Injury: A direct injury is caused by an external blow or force.

2. Indirect injury: The injury does not result from physical contact with an object or person, but from internal forces built up by the actions of the performer, such as may be caused by overstretching, poor technique, etc.

3. Overuse injury: Overuse injuries occur when excessive and repetitive force is placed on the bones and other connective tissues of the body.

If injuries are classified according to the damaged tissues then we can classify them as follows:
1. Soft Tissue Injuries: Soft-tissue injuries are the most common injuries resulting from participation in sport. It occurs to muscles, tendons, ligaments and the skin. These injuries include sprain, strain, contusion, abrasion, laceration and blisters.

2. Hard Tissue Injuries: Hard tissue injuries include injuries to bones or around joints i.e., fracture and dislocations.
Reasons of Sports Injuries: Sports injuries are commonly caused due to overuse, over twisting, over stretching, collision, etc. These injuries can be mild to severe. Most of the injuries are caused due to lack of knowledge.

Sports injuries can occur on the play field or while playing due to reasons given ahead:

1. Poor Physical Fitness of Player: Physical fitness is required for better performance. Physical fitness can be achieved with regular practice. All components like strength, speed, flexibility, endurance, agility, power, balance etc must be possess by the athlete. Lack of physical fitness then causes injury.

2. Due to Poor Psychological Preparation: If athlete is stressful, full of anxiety or may be playing in tension can be injured easily. For prevention of injury, one must be psychologically prepared for the event.

3. Inadequate warming up before match: Warming-up is very important for the prevention of injuries. The stretching exercises done during the warm-up session often prevent injuries such as sprain and strain. After proper warming up, the body becomes ready to bear any sort of physical stress. That is why it has been always suggested to begin more vigorous activity after having proper warm-up exercises.

4. Lack of knowledge of proper technique: By using the accurate technique one can reduce the risk of overuse injuries, such as tendonitis and stress fractures. The injuries like tennis elbow are due to improper technique and overuse. If you are unsure about the correct technique, a qualified sports coach can give you advice. If you exercise in a gym or a leisure centre, ask a fitness instructor or member of gym staff for help.

5. By using substandard sports equipment: Half of the game can be won by using good equipment. Substandard or poor quality equipment causes injuries during match or practice. Hence, it is always recommended to use quality equipment during game.

6. Lack of knowledge of rules and regulation of game: The rules are formulated keeping in view the safety of the sportsmen. Rules of conduct, including illegal blocks and tackles are enforced to keep athlete injury free. Many games have rule of “no body contact” to avoid injuries. By playing under discipline the injuries can be prevented.

7. Bad conditions of Play fields: The equipment and play fields having all safety measures can save lots of sports injuries. For example running on synthetic track as compared to mud track has less chance of injuries. In basketball safety pads on poles can protect injuries.

8. Due to Arrogance of Player: Sometimes aggressive players intensely injured other players with intention to injure. To avoid such type of injury, they must be punished at the time.

9. Due to Bad Climate: Bad climates like sudden rain or uneven ground or may be weather condition like severe cold or hot weather can also cause injury sometimes.

10. Due to Lack of Match Practice: As we know practice makes a man perfect, athlete must be well prepared and practiced before match. Every day match practice is required for coordination, understanding with fellow team mates, conditioned body movements etc for the prevention of injuries.

Question 12. Write the meaning and principles of first aid.
Answer: “First aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of sudden illness before medical help is made available”. It is applied to prevent further injury, reduce pain experienced by the patient, and shock from the injury. The most important basic concept in first aid is to stop bleeding, restore adequate breathing and treat the patient from shock.

This is very necessary to make sure that the patient has an open airway, is breathing appropriately, and has circulation intact i.e. pulses, normal skin colour and no uncontrolled bleeding. If the patient has stable other specific injuries can be addressed with first aid. The basic concepts of first aid includes keeping wounds clean, applying pressure to stop bleeding and keeping suspected broken bones immobile until they can be evaluated and aligned appropriately.

Principles of First Aid. The basic principles of First aid are as follows:

·         Do first thing fast and quickly, quietly and without panic.

·         Guard against a treat shock by moving the causality as little as possible.

·         Do not attempt too much.

·         Reassure the causality and those around in order to reduce tension.

·         Give artificial respiration if required.

·         Try to stop bleeding.

·         Do not allow people around patient as fresh air is required.

·         Do not change or remove clothes unnecessarily.

·         Arrange immediate vehicle or ambulance to take patient to the hospital.

 

Chapter 5 Disability

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. What Is the meaning of disability?
Answer: Disability means inability to do certain physical or mental work. When the capacity to perform any physical or mental work decreases that stage is called disability.

Question 2. What is social rehabilitation?
Answer: In this restoration of social relationship within the family and the society is done. In spite of the disability the social upliftment is given to restore the social status of a person.

Question 3. Where are industrial units set up for the blinds?
Answer: In order to provide occupational or industrial training, industrial home for blinds was established in Mumbai in the year 1971. Under various branches of these industrial training centre the vocational training is given to visually challenged at state level.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4. What is permanent disability?
Answer: This term is used when a person is unable to work in normal conditions for long term or life long.

Question 5. What is functional disability?
Answer: In this type body organs are affected, generally these faults occur due to chronic diseases and some times the reason may be congenital. This disability itself restrict the normal functioning of a person.

Question 6. What is the difference between permanent disability and temporary disability?
Answer:
(a) Permanent Disability: This term is used when a person is unable to work in normal conditions for long term or life long.

(b) Temporary Disability: It is consider to be the inability to discharge normal work for a short period of time.

Question 7. Write two reasons of disability.
Answer: There are many factors which causes disability. These are explained below:
1. Mental factors: Mental disability may be hereditary but some times it may be due to mental stress or tension. Mind and body are interrelated therefore these mental effects, badly affects the physical condition of the body.

2. Physical diseases: Due to physical disease or ailments, some deficiency may developed which leads to disability e.g. smallpox can cause blindness, so physical disease can one of the cause of disability.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 8. Write the types of disabilities caused due to occupations.
Answer: According to the Occupational Safety and Health Convention, the term “occupational disease” covers any disease contracted as a result of an exposure to risk factors arising from work activity. Occupational diseases are many and varied. They arise out of or the course of employment. The following is a list of the important occupational diseases.

1.     Diseases due to physical agents or physical hazards

2.     Dust diseases or dust hazards

3.     Chemical diseases or chemical hazards

4.     Diseases due to unusual timings/shift workers.

1. Diseases due to physical agents/physical hazards: Diseases which are occurred due to physical condition of the working places e.g. a high and low temperature falls under this category.

2. Dust diseases/dust hazards: There are so many lung diseases which are occurred due to accumulation of dust.

3. Chemical diseases/Chemical hazards: Chemicals are used extensively both in industry and in our daily lives. Many useful products are derived from chemicals, such as plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals, detergents etc. some chemicals may appear harmful only after prolonged exposure.

4. Diseases due to unusual timings/shift workers: In today’s scenario due to technological development in the world, it has been noticed that most of the IT companies are coming into existence as a job opportunity.

Question 9. Write a note on the following:
(i) Anthracosis    (ii) Lead poisoning       (iii) Cancer and Asthma
(iv) First Aid.
Answer: The name has been derived from the word anthrac meaning-‘coal and carbon and on’s means condition.
(i) Anthracosis: This type of occupational disease is common in the people who works in coal mines and fumances. The disease affects the respiratory track related organs such as trachea, lungs and nasal cavity. The lungs get affected with the inhalation of coal particles at work place. This disease is also known as ‘black lung’ disease.

(ii) Lead Poisoning: The lead is a toxic metal that may affect the health. This disease is common in of a people who are engaged in construction works such as painting, building construction plumbing. Ceramic work etc. This is caused due to inhalation of lead particles in body through respiratory track. The common symptom for the lead poisoning is abdominal pain, nausea, headache, body pain, paralysis, lungs disorder etc.

(iii) Cancer and Asthma: It is mainly related to the occupations where the workers are exposed to chemicals, dust, radiation etc. The risk factor related to cancer is more common in coal and metal processing industries. The workers of these industries may develop cancer related to skin, lungs, blood cancer etc. The worker who are engaged in coal mines, fumances, dust hazards, chemical etc. are more prone to lung diseases such as asthma and bronchitis etc.

(iv) First Aid: “First aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of sudden illness before medical help is made available.” It is applied to prevent further injury, reduce pain experienced by the patient, and shock from the injury. The most important basic concept in first aid is to stop bleeding, restore adequate breathing and treat the patient from shock.

This is very necessary to make sure that the patient has an open airway, is breathing appropriately, and has circulation intact i.e. pulses, normal skin colour and no uncontrolled bleeding. If the patient has stable other specific injuries can be addressed with first aid. The basic concepts of first aid includes keeping wounds clean, applying pressure to stop bleeding and keeping suspected broken bones immobile until they can be evaluated and aligned appropriately.

Question 10. Write about Indian Red Cross Society.
Answer: The Indian Red Cross Society is a national agency and is associated with Internal Red Cross Society. Red Cross is considered as a symbol for protecting sick and wounded including physician and nurses in-charge. The International Red Cross Society was founded in 1863 by J.H. Dunant The Indian Red Cross Society was established in 1920. It has three objectives, that is. improvement of health, prevention of disease and to decrease the severity of disease. The Indian Red Cross Society has St. John Ambulance Association which has trained several people in first aid training and nursing.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 11. What is the meaning of Rehabilitation? Explain it in detail.
Answer: The word rehabilitation has been derived from the word ‘re’ which means ‘again’ and ‘habilita’, means ‘capacity’, so rehabilitation means to recapitulate. In other words rehabilitation means to regain or recapture the former fitness or to recover and settle. According to W.H.O., Rehabilitation is ‘the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for the training or retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.”
For example A person loses his physical fitness on account of some injury. The work done to restore the former fitness is called rehabilitation.

In the ancient times disabled were neglected by the society. But, nowadays the work done to restore the social relationship of disabled is called social rehabilitation. Even persons with disability are given vocational training in spite of their restricted movements. This type of training is called vocational training.

Scope of Rehabilitation. The scope of rehabilitation has been divided into following parts:
1. Medical rehabilitation
2. Vocational rehabilitation
3. Social rehabilitation
4. Psychological rehabilitation

1. Medical Rehabilitation: In case of any physical disorder due to injury or illness a specialized medical treatment is required This includes medicine branch, surgery, orthopaedic, physiotherapy etc. .

2. Vocational Rehabilitation: In spite of disability the disabled persons are given training to earn for themselves e.g. blinds can be given training for the caning of furniture etc.

3. Social Rehabilitation: In this restoration of social relationship within the family and the society is done. In spite of the disability the social upliftment is given to restore the social status of a person.

4. Psychological Rehabilitation: In this work is done to restore the confidence. In case of mental disorder or depression the psychiatric department helps for the psychological rehabilitation.

Question 12. Write in detail about the organisations involved in rehabilitation.
Answer: The process of rehabilitation is mostly done in hospitals. Even then some additional measures are needed. In the process of rehabilitation many private social agencies are working. Some of the voluntary agencies engaged in rehabilitation are as below:

1. The Indian Red Cross Society: The Indian Red Cross Society is a national agency and is associated with Internal Red Cross Society. Red Cross is considered as a symbol for protecting sick and wounded including physician and nurses in-charge. The International Red Cross Society was founded in 1863 by J.H. Dunant The Indian Red Cross Society was established in 1920. It has three objectives, that is. Improvement of health, prevention of disease and to decrease the severity of disease. The Indian Red Cross Society has St. John Ambulance Association which has trained several people in first aid training and nursing.

2. All India Blind Relief Society: It was established in 1946, which is responsible for conducting eye camps and also coordinates the different associations working for the blinds. It assists people with vision disability to train in vocational courses according to their, ability.

3. Tuberculosis Association of India: This association was established in 1939. It is engaged in research work for the prevention and control to tuberculosis. It also organises T.B. seal campaign every year to collect funds. Tuberculosis Association of India provides training to doctors and social workers. This association has many institutions like New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre, Sanitoijum at Kasauli and Dharampur.

4. Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh: It was formed in 1950 in New Delhi. This sangh specially works for leprosy. The Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh provides financial assistance to various leprosy clinics in India. Through posters it educates the community for the welfare of people suffering from leprosy. Leprosy is a chronic bacterial disease that affects skin. This organisation also publishes a journal ‘Leprosy in India’.

5. Indian Council for Child Welfare: Indian Council for Child Welfare was formed in 1952. It organizes various child welfare programmes and also helps the children in the development of health.

6. Bharat Sevak Samaj: It was formed in 1952. The aim of this Samaj is to achieve good health. The most important activity of the Samaj is the improvement of sanitation in the rural areas.

7. National Centre for Deaf: This agency has a training centre at Hyderabad which works for deaf children.

8. All India Women’s Conference: It was established in 1926. This organization helps handicapped women and children. It also works for vocational training.

9. Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust: It was formed in 1944 and generally looks after the welfare of women in villages. It is also involved in antileprosy work.

10. Industrial Home for Blind: It was formed in 1971. It is located in Mumbai. Vocational guidance is given to people with vision impairment, so that they can earn in spite of their disability.

11. Asha Niketan Rehabilitation Centre: It was formed in 1960 and has got a hospital with physiotherapist unit attached with it. It has also got a school for mentally retarded and deaf.

12. Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation: This Corporation was formed at Kanpur. It manufactures artificial limbs for the disabled.

13. Kamayani School: This school was established in 1964 at Poona. In this school disabled, especially mentally disabled are given vocational training like polishing of furniture etc.

In addition to these there are many social welfare associations working for rehabilitation e.g. Indian Council of Mental Hygiene, Indian Conference of Social Work, Rama Krishan Mission, Lions Club, Marwari Relief Society. I.I.T. Delhi National Physical Laboratory, Nevedic Prosthetic Centre, Chandigarh, etc.

Chapter 6 Sociological and Psychological Aspects of Physical Education

One Mark Question-Answers

Question 1. Where has the word Sociology been define from?
Answer: The word Sociology has been derived from two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or companion and ‘logos’ means knowledge.

Question 2. Which country is considered to be the most ancient civilizations in the world?
Answer: Greek.

Question 3. Which sports is considered to be the mother of all sports?
Answer: Gymnastics.

Two Marks Question-Answers

Question 4. Write the definition of Sociology.
Answer: According to Garrett, ‘‘Socialization is the process whereby the biological individual is converted into human person.”
According to Ogburn, ‘‘Socialization is the process by which the individual learns to conform to the norms of the group”.

Question 5. What is the meaning of Sociology?
Answer: The literal meaning of the term sociology is composed of two words ‘Socius’ meaning associate or social and ‘logos’ meaning science or study. Thus sociology is the science of society. Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction and culture of everyday life. The main focus of sociology is to study the human society in relation to its origins, functions and problems. It works on relation among people, group, class, organization and culture. It also helps in varying the impact of social organization like family, religion, education, politics, culture etc. on human behaviour.

Question 6. Write about ‘brotherhood’.
Answer: This implies that participation in sports activities helps in the development of social qualities such as brotherhood feeling, equality and sympathetic attitude, cooperation, helpfulness etc. The feeling of brotherhood is mainly developed through team games, where a player develops a feeling of affection and loyalty for his team members.

Question 7. How can a person get rid of Physical and mental stress?
Answer: The following methods can be adopted to get rid from Physical and mental stress:

·         Meditation and deep breathing exercises.

·         To keep yourself busy in constructive activities.

·         To recognize the stress causing situations.

·         Self-assessment and self control.

·         To remove stress with the help of pep-talks.

·         Participation in sports and recreational activities.

Three Marks Question-Answers

Question 8. How are social values developed?
Answer: “Participating in sports can improve the quality of life of individuals and communities, promote social inclusion, improve health, counter anti-social behaviour, ‘raise individual self-esteem and confidence, and widen horizons.”

Socialization enables a man to become an individual and at the same time a valuable member of society. Social development is a balanced set of social skills and learned adaptive behaviours that enables an individual to interact well with other people, react positively and avoid behaviour that has negative consequences. Sport has been used as a practical tool to engage young people in their communities through volunteering, resulting in higher levels of leadership, community engagement and altruism among young people.

Sports helps an individual much more than in the physical aspects alone. It builds character, teaches and develops strategic thinking, analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting, risk taking and many more. Cooperation, responsibility, empathy, self-control and self-reliance etc. are considered to be components of social development.

Question 9. Explain the contribution of sports in National integration?
Answer: Physical education and sports programme serves as a valuable means for the development of national and international integration. It provides activities that help participants to deeply understand the cultural diversity, different castes and religions, their social norms, ethical and moral issues in their life. Physical education and sports provides a common platform to unite different segments of people to work for a common goal.

Hence, physical activity and sports programmes should be practiced to inculcate these values in school curriculum. Keeping in view the development of community integration through sports it should be an educational phenomenon. The idea behind the origin of Olympic Games by the Greeks were development of brotherhood and cooperation through sports. The French man Baron Pierre De Coubertin advanced the same idea, for the revival of modem Olympic Games in 1896.

Question 10. Write a note on the following:
(i) Educational institution     (ii) Social groups
(iii) Development of leadership     (iv) Selection of the Right sport.
Answer:
(i) Educational institution (School): An educational institution such as school play a pivotal role in the child’s life. These institutions help in crafting children to interact positively with the members of society such as their friends, family and teachers etc. That is why schools are also known to be the second home of learning for children. The behaviour of children and their personality development not only depends on the upbringing by the parents but also on the way they are evolved in their school lives. So, now-a-days it is becoming more challenging for the schools to inculcate every aspect of child’s personality development rather than just to impart bookish knowledge.

(ii) Social groups: Just as family, the peer or friends group to have an important role in child’s behaviour. When the children interact with their friends they learn social skills such as communication, helpfulness, co-operation, brotherhood etc. in the group. But, unfortunately we don’t always realize how children are attached to their friends and what influence they have on their behaviour. Hence, if a child remains in bad group, he will learn bad habits and if he lives in a good friends group the same will have positive impact on his behaviour.

(iii) Development of leadership: There are ample opportunities in games and sports, where the leadership qualities are developed in sportspersons. The main base of sports activities is to direct and establish common aim among team members and group. Through games and sport various leadership qualities are developed in sportspersons such as loyalty, empathy, ability, discipline, enthusiasm, responsibility etc.

(iv) Selection of the right sport: The knowledge of psychology helps in the selection of athletes for a particular sport after testing and observation of behaviour. It is important to possess some psychological traits such as will power, interest, motivation, competitive spirit to prepare well in the field of spores. So while making selection for the team and preparing them for competition the knowledge of psychological behaviour would prove to be beneficial.

Five Marks Question-Answers

Question 11. What is learning? Explain the definition and principles of learning.
Answer: The concept of learning can be understood as the change in behaviour as a result of experience, acquisition of new habits and skills. The change of behaviour is relatively permanent in nature. It is believed that learning is a lifelong process that begins in cradle and ends in coffin. It has been viewed that a person adapts to his environment by acquiring new survival and social skills. It is not necessarily being a positive change in behaviour. It is most appropriately lasting change in the behaviour as a result of experience which gives satisfaction and fulfilment in social context. Further, to an ordinary man, it may be understood as formal way of acquiring skills and knowledge but it is not confined to four walls.

According to Gates: “Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience and training.”
According to E.R. Hilgard: “Learning is a permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of prior experience.”
According to Mitchel: has defined learning as “the process by which new behaviour is acquired.”
According to G.Murphy: “The term learning covers every modification in behaviour to meet environmental requirements.”

1. Law of Readiness: The first most important law related to learning implies that a person must be ready to learn i.e. he should have interest for what he is going to learn. If the person is not interested he will not learn, whatever the situation is given or presented before him. He should have clear objective and reason to learn something e.g. ‘‘You can take a horse to a pond, but cannot make him drink, if he is not thirsty.” Similarly, a child does not learn if he/she has no reason for it. Secondly, if an individual is not ready in terms of physical abilities, mental capabilities and emotionally then also they will not be able to find any reason to learn.

2. Law of Effect: It is natural that an individual works continually to learn if the result or outcome of the learning has a positive effect on the learner or if the learner feels satisfying and pleasant. It is simply the positive feedback and strong effect of learning. It gives positive reinforcement and motivation to learn if the effect is satisfying and the learner will continue to learn in order to improve. On the other hand, if the learner experiences unsatisfying,, unpleasant feelings, then it creates difficulty for a task to be learned by the student. Hence, it is very challenging for a teacher or instructor to retain positive outcomes from the learning situation for the learner. Hence, the chances of success and continuity in learning definitely increase if the effect of learning experiences is pleasant and satisfying.

3. Law of Exercise: This law simply states that it is important to practice or repeat to retain and remember particular things. The correct and precise repetition of a particular task leads to accurate movement and improvement related to particular skill or knowledge. It can further be understood as law of use and law of disuse:

(i) Law of Use: It implies that in order to have perfection or improvement in particular learning, it is necessary to reduce errors by making repetition for a particular task. This would lead to less error and more perfection or improvement. In other words, practice makes a man perfect.”

(ii) Law of Disuse: When a modifiable connection is not made between a situation and response, during a length of time, that connection’s strength is decreased.” The things learnt are not easy to retain, evaluate and apply after a single session of practice. His skills shown and practised once leads to weakening of stimulus and response of the learners. Hence, it is important to practice and strengthen the stimulus and response related to the learning of skills.

Question 12. What do you know about the problems of adolescence? Explain in detail.
Answer: During this period of growth, many physiological, biological, psychological and behaviour changes can be seen in adolescence. Due to these unseen and unexpected rapid changes, adolescents face many problems as mentioned below:

1. Problems related to biological changes: The problems related to physical or biological changes occur both in boys as well as girls. These changes are internal physiological changes such as menstruation periods in females and nightfall among boys. Due to these physiological changes, they experience aggressive drives, restless and difficulty in adapting to these sudden changes. These changes can also be seen on the surface of the body in both genders. The most observable change is the growth of body hair.

2. Problems related to psychological behaviour: During this age, adolescents become highly mal-adjusted due to physiological changes. They get entangled in stress, tension, anxiety, strife, irritable behaviour; mood swings and self consciousness etc. They begin to quarrel with elders over small issues. Sometimes, the adolescent feels as excited as top of the world and sometimes he finds himself in a state of depression. According to Ross, ‘ ‘ The adolescent lives intensely emotional life, in which we can see the rhythm of positive and negative phases of behaviour in his constant alteration between intense excitement and deep depression.”

3. Freedom: In this age an adolescent seeks freedom of thoughts and acts from his parents. Due to intense physical and mental changes adolescent wants to exhibit that they tend to make themselves free from any kind of parental control or boundations. But, they should be given freedom with responsibility at the same time. They should be neither overprotected nor under protected.

4. Recognition and self consciousness: During adolescent period the child seeks social attention and recognition. He wants to be recognised as mature, who understands every aspect related to society and tries to attract everyone’s attention in the group with his acts. He tries to change his behaviour as a result of physical and mental maturity.

5. Destructive tendencies and behaviour: During this age the adolescents fall prey to destructive behaviour or tendencies if not guided properly. They tend to show aggressive behaviour, especially when they are compelled to do any activity against their desire or liking. Adolescents experiments with drugs, smoking, alcohol, watching adult films under the influence of ignorance.

6. Peer relationship: It has been observed that friends are very important for this age group. They have keen desire to be outside with the company of their friends rather than family members. They try to present themselves better than others in order to maintain their respect and value in the group. This is an appropriate age for socialization if they get proper guidance.

7. Problems related to career choices: The problems related to choice related to educational stream, vocational guidance occurs during his age. During this age of schooling they have to make selection regarding his subjects for the future career aspect. The maturity level of this age group keeps them in dilemma whether it is a right decision or not for their future. The whole career depends on the selection of the subjects and course made by them.

8. Lack of stability in relation to dependency: This age is the bridge between childhood and adulthood; hence it is neither the age of maturity nor immaturity. So, an adolescent always struggle between the dependent or independent behaviour. On one hand, he does not leave the adolescent and on the other hand he wants to take responsibility. Lack of experience and immaturity leads to experience emotional imbalance.

9. Sex related problems: During adolescence many physiological changes occurs and this may result in the intense sexual urges. They get attracted towards opposite gender or they want to indulge in satisfying sexual desires. This may lead to distraction from their family members sometimes leading to complex situations.

Question 13. What is the meaning of Psychology? What is the importance of Psychology in sports?
Answer: The concept of studying human behaviour and their mental processes was first recognized by the Greek psychologists Sigmund Freud. To study human behaviour the knowledge of psychology must be understood. The word ‘Psychology’ has been derived from the Greek terms ‘psyche’ and ‘logos’ where ‘psyche’ means the ‘soul or mind’, and the meaning of logos is to talk about’ or ‘science or study’. Hence, the meaning of psychology is the science or study of soul. But, the meaning and concept of psychology kept on changing. Later, the concept was explained as science of mind, as the psycho-physical unity of a human being cannot be ignored. Today, it is understood as the science of behaviour of an individual in relation to the environment.

Definitions of Psychology: According to Warren, “Psychology is the science which deals with the mutual interrelation between an organism and environment.”
According to Woodworth, “Psychology deals with the activities of the individuals in relation to his environment.”
According to Crow and Crow, “Psychology is the study of human behaviour and human relationship.
According to MC Dougall, “Psychology is the study of human behaviour, its cause and conditions.”

Importance of Psychology in Games and Sports: Physical education and sports involves bodily movement in an environment related to physical activities. Moreover, the need of psychology automatically arises on account of the applicability of the principles of psychology in Education. Since, the start of an organised programme of Physical Education and competitive sports where everyone is willing to win at any cost, we cannot perform well without proper knowledge of psychological behaviour of a sportsperson e.g. his interest, attitude, motivation, aptitute, emotional behaviour pattern and individual differences etc. Physical performance in sports is no longer restricted to a physical or physiological domain of the athlete. It is well understood that numerous psychological factors affect and improve the performance level of an athlete.

Physical capacities although limited to a certain extent can be modified under certain psychological conditions such as motivating an athlete or reinforcement of behaviour. Therefore, there is an essence to exploit the capability through the application of psychological aspects in the field of sports. Physical education teachers, coaches and trainers therefore should apply its knowledge to enhance individual development and achievements.

1. To know and understand the behaviour: The first most important aspect of psychology is to know an individual and understand his behaviour in different situations. This understanding related to behaviour helps in dealing with various aspects of a person e.g. interest and attitude of a person towards an activity, his emotional state during various competitive situations etc. This would certainly help the teachers and coaches to direct their students towards an activity which may be beneficial in terms of performance.

2. Channelization and Control of Emotions: The study of psychology helps in understanding the feelings and emotions of an individual or a sportsperson particularly during practice and competitive situations such as anxiety, fear, stress etc. The knowledge of psychology helps in understanding and channelizing these emotions towards right direction during competitive situations. During these situations psychological techniques such as meditation, autogenic training, concentration etc. can be practised.

3. Selection and preparation of athletics: The knowledge of psychology helps in the selection of athletes for a particular sports after testing and observation of behaviour. It is important to possess some psychological traits such as will power, interest, motivation, competitive spirit to prepare well in the field of sports. So while making selection for the team and preparing them for competition the knowledge of psychological behaviour would prove to be beneficial.

4. Important as a relaxation tool: Psychology is not just to help people to understand their behaviour. It also helps to move athletes to next level of performance. To learn how basic psychological tools such as goal setting, imagery, self talk, relaxation skills can help with the problems when things go wrong. It would not just help to deal with problems or issues, it will help the sportsperson to understand how self talk can influence emotion and behaviour achieves peak performance.

5. Help in motivation to improve: Some sports psychologist work with athletes and coaches to improve performance and increase motivation. It helps the athletes to cope up with difficult situations.